Comparative assessment of the genetic structure of the Kalmyk and Hereford cattle breeds by SNP and STR markers

Efficient production of beef from specialized breeds is possible both with industrial technology and with cheaper long-term pasture maintenance. The breeds used in this case differ in genetically determined phenotype, adaptability to different conditions of maintenance. The purpose of the research was to comparatively evaluate the genotypic structure of the intensive type of the Hereford breed and the extensive type of the Kalmyk breed. The study was carried out using SNP and STR markers. The differences were not found in the frequency of genotypes of the LEP, TG5, SCD1, OLR1 genes, with the exception of the TG5 gene, where in the Hereford breed the TG5CC genotype is found by 24.8% higher, the TG5CT genotype by 27.5% lower, compared to the Kalmyk breed. In the polymorphic loci TGLA122 and TGLA53, alleles 151 (locus TGLA122) and alleles 162 and 172 (locus TGLA53) in the Hereford breed were found more often by 13.1%, 19.0% and 15.2%, respectively, compared to the Kalmyk breed. The significant differences were not found in the main selection and genetic parameters (Ca, Naj, V, PIC), calculated on the basis of the allele and genotype frequencies of the LEP, TG5, SCD1, OLR1 genes: heterozygosity is 0.618–0.648; the number of effective alleles is 1.54-1.62; variability is 35.9-39 %; the polymorphism coefficient is 0.352–0.381. Gene equilibrium in the breeds is not disturbed and is within the range of χ2=0.008–4.198. Also, no differences were found between the breeds in population genetic parameters using STR markers. The average number of alleles per locus in the Hereford breed is 10.25, in the Kalmyk breed 8.94, and the number of effective alleles is 4.13–4.73. Homozygosity is at the level of 0.80–0.82. Inbreeding in the herds was not detected, the Fis index has a negative value. The number of private alleles is 32 in the Hereford breed and 11 in the Kalmyk breed. The results obtained can be considered intermediate; for more convincing data, it is necessary to increase the studied population of the Kalmyk breed. 

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