No 4 (2015)
AGRICULTURE AND CHEMICALIZATION
5-13 117
Abstract
There are given results of model researches (in soil columns) into the effect of dolomitic meal, gypsum, and a combination of these ameliorants on changing infiltration and physical-chemical properties of excessively moistened gray forest heavy-loam soils in the Vladimir Opolye (Vladimir Region). In comparison with the control, when 300 mm of moisture (500 ml of water) passed through a column, the infiltration volume through gray forest soil was shown to increase from 151.6 to 193.0-224.9 ml, when applied both dolomitic meal, gypsum, and a combination of these ameliorants. A positive role of dolomitic meal is caused by decreased hydrolytic acidity of soil that reduces the peptization of soil colloids. The efficiency of dolomitic meal dose on full hydrolytic acidity made up about 50% that corresponded to the hydrolysis of ameliorant carbonate ions only on the first step. The equivalent gypsum dose to 1/3 of the hydrolytic acidity, as compared with dolomitic meal applied on the full hydrolytic acidity, increases the concentration of bivalent cations of calcium and magnesium in a liquid phase 3 times and more that provides coagulation of soil colloids as to the concentration mechanism. When 600 mm of moisture passed through a column with a full dose of dolomitic meal, its efficiency increased to 55%, and in case of its combination with gypsum (on 1/3 Ha) to 63%. The more reliable effect of infiltration speed increase is reached in the last variant. The variant with applying dolomitic meal in a dose of 1.5 Ha in combination with gypsum in a dose of 0.5 Ha has the longest action on preserving the increased infiltration speed.
PLANT GROWING AND BREEDING
14-20 265
Abstract
Data are given from experiments on studying 100 pea varieties of different morphotypes and environmental origins from the world’s collection of the N.I. Vavilov Research Institute of Plant Industry (VIR). Investigations were carried out on experimental fields of the Siberian Research Institute of Plant Production and Breeding (Krasnoobsk, Novosibirsk Region) in 2008-2010 according to the recommended techniques. The urgency of research is due to the need to develop early-ripening pea varieties for Siberia because they are less dependent on weather conditions, less damaged by the major pests and diseases, and allow for early autumn plowing after harvesting. A difficulty in developing early varieties is the requirement from production to the yield to be formed in a short period at the level of mid-ripening varieties. The pea accessions from the VIR collection were studied to find out the sources of earliness for conditions of Western Siberia. The formation of pea yield was mostly influenced by conditions of moisture and heat availability. The characteristic of early pea varieties with the flowering period shortened by 5-8 days is given. The ontogenesis phases were determined: sprouting-flowering beginning, flowering period, growing period. The ultra-early-ripening varieties bred abroad such as Atiroy Comet (Netherlands), Cicero (Germany) grown under conditions of forest-steppe areas near the Ob river proved to be unproductive, and of no practical interest. Early-ripening varieties showed a slight (by 2 days) reduction in the sprouting-flowering stage, and a considerable (by 5 days) reduction in the growing season. The cultivars Dudar, Severnfine, Criolla, Az-318 were distinguished as sources of earliness, and could be used as parent material in the breeding process.
20-25 326
Abstract
The methods for developing a new variety of spring common wheat called Novosibirskaya 44 are described. Its main biological and economic characteristics are given. Investigations were carried out at the Siberian Research Institute of Plant Production and Breeding (Krasnoobsk, Novosibirsk Region). The new cultivar has been put into the State Register of Breeding Achievements Permitted for Utilization since 2009. The mid-ripening spring common wheat cultivar Novosibirskaya 44 was developed by the method of complex two-step hybridization with the following individual selection from the population {[(Bezenchukskaya 98 ґ Skala3) ґ (Bezenchukskaya 98 ґ Irtyshanka 103)] ґ Novosibirskaya 22} ґ (Lutescens 101 ґ Krasnoyarskaya). At the immunity laboratory by means of backcrossing Bezenchukskaya 98 with Skala and Irtyshanka were developed the analogs of the latter varieties possessing resistance to loose smut, root rots, drought, with good and excellent technological qualities, and having a large rounded kernel and a strong straw. The further crossings with Novosibirskaya 22 and Lutescens 101 were aimed at strengthening resistance to lodging and aerogenic infections in the selected forms, as the latter variety is a carrier of genes Lr9 and Pm4b determining resistance to brown rust and powdery mildew. The cultivar Novosibirskaya 44 is characterized by high yielding capacity, resistance to common diseases, and has been put into the lists of wheat varieties valuable for grain quality. In 2014, the cultivar was grown in five regions of Western Siberia, including Altai Territory.
26-31 311
Abstract
Results are given from investigations carried out in 2012-2014 at the Ivanovo State Agricultural Academy (Ivanovo, Ivanovo Region) in accordance with the methods for conducting field fiber flax experiments. The purpose of the research was to study varietal distinctions in the formation of yield in new fiber flax varieties bred in Netherlands (Suzanna) and Belarus (E-58), and to determine their adaptation to conditions of the RF regions by way of example of Ivanovo Region. The tasks were to find out differences in the plant height, accumulation of air-dry weight, formation of the yield structure elements, seed, straw and fiber productivity, quality of fiber products, resistance to lodging and diseases. The varieties studied showed high adaptation to conditions of Ivanovo Region. The variety Suzanna was characterized by high straw and fiber productivity as well as by product quality. The variety E-58 had high seed productivity potential. Both varieties are resistant to lodging and plant diseases, their cultivation being economically justified. The varieties are responsible to organic fertilizer aftereffect. The placement of the crop in a year after manure application contributed to stable high fiber productivity. On the basis of the findings, the variety Suzanna can be recommended as a promising one for Ivanovo Region, and included in the variety trial. The variety E-58 should be studied further taking into account the peculiarities of its cultivation.
FROM THE HISTORY OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCE
92-99 314
Abstract
There were analyzed the main trends in the development of the veterinary management system under conditions of establishing and transforming the Soviet economic model. There were revealed the peculiarities in arising various organizational and managerial forms for regulation of the veterinary industry as well as the causes and dynamics of their reformation. There were considered the consequences of reorganizations conducted as well as their relationship to changes in the agrarian sector of the country. By the beginning of the forties, the veterinary service of the USSR was organizationally formed, had centralized management and local branched zoo-veterinary network.
99-105 196
Abstract
There are presented the historical material on original seed production of grain-fodder crops at the Narym State Breeding Station, Tomsk Region. The material was prepared according to archive documents, reports of researchers for 1938-2014. The barley seed production work started in 1938, oats in 1939. In the thirties-forties of the XX century, the key task of seed production was to produce high-yielding elite seeds of high varietal purity, good sowing qualities, free from pests and diseases, which passed systemic directional selection and training in primary seed production network. The work towards improving the productive qualities of elite seeds of oats and barley was done by means of itravarietal hybridization, strict grading of lines against a high agricultural background, and selection of the most high-producing offspring. Since 1956, seed production has changed over to the method of individual-nepotistic selection. As a result of experiments has been found that the NPK-compound application to oats produces a significant increase in productivity. With the separate application of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium, the significant increase in yield was obtained only from nitrogen. Beginning with 1973 and up to now, seed production produce only seeds of oat varieties bred at Narym: Narymskiy 943, Taezhnik, Metis, Togurchanin, Mustang. As a result of the work done, the original high-quality stock seeds are produced annually.
ANIMAL HUSBANDRY ABD VETERINARY SCIENCE
58-63 287
Abstract
At the Institute of Experimental Veterinary Science of Siberia and the Far East (Krasnoobsk, Novosibirsk Region) was developed a method for identifying grouped lymphoid nodules (Peyer’s patches) in the small intestine of mice by filling it with the contrast mass. It is shown that the Peyer’s patches are well seen against its background, with their contours outlined more sharply. For contrasting the patches, 1.2 ml of ink was intragastrically injected to the mice weighing 20-22 g 75 minutes before slaughtering. With that, one day before using the method the feeding of animals was stopped, the access to water being not limited. It has been established that when the intestine is filled with ink due to the peristaltic movements (in contrast to its filling under pressure in slaughtered mice), the distension of the intestine wall and distortion of the grouped nodule size don’t occur. The dose of 0.01 mg of atropine sulfate was added to ink to ensure the uniform ink distribution in the intestine. The use of the antispasmodic agent allowed filling the small intestine with the contrast mass without empty spaces that is necessary for contrasting all the Peyer’s patches. It is shown that the injection of ink and atropine in the mentioned doses doesn’t exert negative influence on the general condition and behavior of the animals. The noticeable effect of atropine on the patch size wasn’t detected. The comparison of the results from counting and measuring the patches in the groups with contrasting and without it was made. It has been found that the proposed method allows increasing the number of the patches detected by 45%, thus the index of the average area of the patch increases by 21% (p < 0.05). The histological examination of the small intestine was carried out after contrasting. Any negative impact on the microscopic structure of the intestinal mucosa including the columnar epithelial cells of apexes of the villi and their striated border wasn’t revealed. The soot, which is a part of ink, didn’t interfere with the production of the histological sections.
64-67 125
Abstract
Results are given from a scientific-production experiment carried out at a commercial maral farm. The work was done at the “Pole” Co Ltd, Altai District, Altai Territory, and at the Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory of the All-Russian Research Institute for Antlered Deer Farming, Barnaul, Altai Territory. The experiment was carried out on spontaneously infested animals (70 young marals and 100 maral stags) during conducting the spring veterinary-sanitary measures. Invasion diseases among antlered deer population in Altai Territory and the Republic of Altai are widely spread causing economic damage to the maral farming because of our failure to obtain maximum products. The growth in antlered deer population and high concentration of animals per unit of area create a favorable environment for developing helminth fauna. Among the variety of helminth fauna, elaphostrongyliosis and intestinal strongylatoses are most wide-spread. The causative agents of these diseases, against the background of long-term use of drugs from the family of macrocyclic lactones, yield the resistance to them that requires searching new anthelminthics and using them at scientifically-grounded dates. When studied the efficacy of antiparasitic drugs, an on-farm maral experiment with the use of two different drugs, closalben and eprimek, was conducted. The extensive and intensive efficacy of these anthelminthics was evaluated under on-farm conditions at elaphostrongyliosis and intestinal infections in marals. It has been established that the injection preparation eprimek yields to the powdery preparation closalben in the efficacy at both elaphostrongyliosis and intestinal infection.
68-74 209
Abstract
Results are given from investigations on managing paid veterinary services by budget-funded institutions of the State veterinary service in urban and rural municipal districts in the Republic of Buryatia for 1993-2014. The investigations were carried out by the N.E. Bauman Kazan State Academy of Veterinary Medicine, Kazan. The regional market of veterinary services was studied. When calculating the prices for paid veterinary services in the Republic of Buryatia, the methodology of the Ministry of Agriculture of the Russian Federation, the Rules of paid veterinary service accomplishment, time standards to perform the veterinary work, the average salary of veterinary specialists were used. In order to streamline paid veterinary management, to stimulate market demands for these services, to improve the budget-funded institutions of the State veterinary services of the Republic of Buryatia, the prices for 2169 units of paid treatment-and-prophylactic, veterinary and sanitary, laboratory and diagnostic services carried out by the institutions of the veterinary service of the Republic of Buryatia were developed. The differentiated rates for 1083 paid laboratory and diagnostic veterinary services practiced by republican, inter-district and district veterinary laboratories in the three main natural-climatic zones of Buryatia were developed. The rates for laboratory examinations are individual, differentiated for natural-climatic conditions of Buryatia, scientifically grounded, and take into account all costs of veterinary laboratories on carrying out investigations, except for costs of material means used during the process of carrying out.
75-80 358
Abstract
The distribution and species composition of helminths and intestinal botflies of horses was studied in Transbaikal Territory. The investigation was carried out on horses of Zabaikalskaya breed: 34 animals at the age of two years and older and 12 up to two years. The laboratory investigations were performed at the department of laboratory and analytical examinations of the Research Institute of Veterinary Science of Eastern Siberia, and at the diagnostic department of the Zabaikalskaya Territorial Veterinary Laboratory (Chita, Transbaikal Territory). The 43 species of helminths and 5 species of intestinal botflies were identified. The extent of infestation with strongyles was found by helmintocoprological studies to make up 75.8%, with parascarids 23.8%, and with anoplocephalidaes 2.9%. However, the full and partial autopsy of the digestive organs showed that the helminthological prevalence of mixed infestations of the gastrointestinal tract was much higher than the results of helminthoovoscopy. There are given the results of the effect of mixed infestations of the gastrointestinal tract on morphological and biochemical blood values in horses in Transbaikal Territory. Helminthosis and botflies of the digestive system of horses have a significant effect on hematologic parameters. It results in leukocytosis, increased number of eosinophils, segmented neutrophils, and monocytes as well as in decreased hemoglobin level, the number of erythrocytes, and dropped lymphocyte concentration in blood. Regardless of the age of animal was observed a certain increase in total protein level, and a decrease in the contents of calcium and phosphorus with their balance maintained. The hematological and biochemical results obtained indicate the intensity of immunobiological adjustment of the horse’s organism at mixed infestations of the digestive tract.
81-86 287
Abstract
Necrotic enteritis and the subclinical form of C. perfringens infection in poultry caused by C. perfringens cause significant economic damage, and may be the cause of infecting and poisoning people consuming poultry products from poultry plants having a clostridiosis problem. Investigations were carried out at the poultry molecular biology sector of the Institute of Experimental Veterinary Science of Siberia and the Far East (Krasnoobsk, Novosibirsk Region), and at the pharmacogenomics laboratory of the Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine (Novosibirsk). By using the PCR analysis, histological and microbiological methods has been evaluated the infection of the intestine of chickens and broiler chickens of different ages, and the value of polymerase chain reaction in the complex diagnosis of clostridiosis has been examined. In some cases, at carrying out histological studies, the cells of Clostridium were found in the necrotic foci in the liver and the intestine. The results of pathological and histological studies were verified by PCR that provided a basis for diagnosing clostridiosis. To study the incidence rate for infecting chickens with C. perfringens, 1052 cloacal swab samples, and 50 samples of pathological material taken at 7 poultry plants of Russia were examined. There was discovered an uneven distribution in chickens infected with C. perfringens (0-80%) that has indicated the presence of unaccounted factors influencing the susceptibility to infection (e.g. structure of the intestine microbiocenosis), or the fact that the effectiveness of preventive measures is sufficient to prevent the contamination of poultry houses with C. perfringens.
FODDER PRODUCTION
32-38 185
Abstract
The hybridological analysis of the self-pollinating spring rape lines with different colors of the seed coats was conducted. Investigations were carried out at the Siberian Research Institute of Fodder Crops, Krasnoobsk, Novosibirsk District, Novosibirsk Region. It has been shown that in various crossing combinations between light- and dark-seeded forms, the F1 seeds had dark-colored coat, which varied from brown to black with a brownish color shade that was significative of a prevalence of dark color over light. The incomplete prevalence of this trait in certain crossing combinations was found. No difference in the results of reciprocal crosses indicates that the determination of the trait studied can be carried out by the nuclear genes. The nine classes of seed coat colors combined in 2 groups of dark- and light-colored seeds were identified. No significant distinctions between the actual and theoretical expected splittings of 15:1 for four crossing combinations, 63:1 for one combination at the standard c2 value of 3.84 at the 5% significance level have been found. The splitting of hybrid seeds of the second generation in the 15:1 and 63:1 ratios indicates the participation of two or three pairs of genes in the genetic control of this trait. The problem of instability of yellow seed coat color in spring rape has been discussed, and it has been concluded that the strict isolation of plants does not ensure a constant yellow color of the seed coat, which is subject to modified variability as influenced by environmental conditions and epigenetic trait control mechanisms being insufficiently studied.
38-44 186
Abstract
Results are given from investigations on developing a new variety of slough grass for hay purposes, climatically and ecologically adapted to extreme conditions of the taiga zone of Western Siberia. The investigations were carried out at the Narym Department of Breeding and Seed Production of the Siberian Research Institute of Agriculture and Peat, Tomsk. In breeding of gramineous forage grasses, the method of complex-hybrid populations at the level of interclonal pollination is widely implemented. In developing a new variety of slough grass, wild specimens grown in Tomsk Region were used as sources of high productivity and resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses. The features of developing complex-hybrid populations of slough grass in the taiga zone of Western Siberia are considered. When forming complex-hybrid populations, the selection of components was made on the basis of evaluation of total and specific combining ability at the polycross nursery. In order to form complex-hybrid populations were used specimens possessing high total combining ability as to no less than 3 traits. Results are given from the evaluation of forage mass and seed productivity, leafiness, protein and fiber contents, which was conducted at the polycross nurseries and in competitive variety trial. It is shown that the polycross method can be successfully used in breeding slough grass. As a result of the breeding work, a promising sample was obtained to be transferred to the State variety trial. The sample has high forage mass productivity, high regrow capacity of plants, when used for hay purposes, improved fodder qualities, resistance to diseases, and high winter hardiness. The major economic characters and properties of the new variety are productivity of green mass of 17.0 tonnes per ha, dry matter of 5.6 t/ha, seeds of 0.25 t/ha, leafiness 58.9%, winter hardiness 100%, crude protein content of 11.8% and up to 12.5% in particular years.
SCIENTIFIC RELATIONS
106-111 105
Abstract
Material is given from a research into the resource-saving options of ventilation and heating systems applied for winter, summer and transient conditions in poultry and stock buildings. The research was carried out under conditions of the mountain zone of Azerbaijan, the analytical studies at the Azerbaijan State Agrarian University. Experimental studies of the temperature field in the animal zone have shown that when atmospheric air with the temperature of -5°C in winter enters the building and mixes with warm indoor air, the temperature of air mixture at the outlet of diffuser reaches 6 °C, and 13 °C at the distance of 3 m on the axis of diffuser. In the animal area, the temperature of indoor air ranged from 11 to 12°C that meets the requirements of zootechnic standards for cattle. Relative air humidity in the animal area, when supplied unheated indoor air with the temperature of -5°C in winter, did not exceed the permissible normal values, and made up 80% on the average. After operating the decentralized units, relative air humidity was stabilized in 2 hours at the level of 74%. Based on theoretical and experimental studies conducted as well as on model projects of poultry and stock premises, design solutions of ventilation systems have been developed that allow using the warmth of indoor air in combination with the heater.
112-119 204
Abstract
Investigations were carried out at the Azerbaijan Scientific Research Institute of Viticulture and Wine-Making (Mekhtiabad settl., Apsheron District, Baku, Azerbaijan). Results are given from studies on biomorphological and economic-technological characteristics of seedlings in grape hybrid populations. Heredity pattern of traits and properties, and the display of domination and heterosis effect in a new generation of seedlings were studied. The material of study were seedlings derived from combinations Ag shany ґ Tabrizi, Ag shany ґ Gara pishras, and Ag shany ґ Gara shany. Ag shany is a variety with female flower type, Tabrizi, Gara pishras, and Gara shany with bisexual flowers. The seedlings of hybrid combinations were grown at the experimental plot of the Azerbaijan Scientific Research Institute of Viticulture and Wine-Making and the Apsheron ampelographic collection. By generalizing the obtained results, the composition of populations was determined, and the promising groups of seedlings were selected. Coefficient of domination and heterosis effect were determined for both the whole population and the selected groups of seedlings. While studying the hereditary traits of plants from populations made of different hybrid combinations was found that the seedlings being carriers of traits of parental forms noticeably differ from them in certain characteristics. The most promising plants turned out to be as follows: N 97-1-0, 97-3-2, 97-11-10 from Ag shany ґ Tabrizi combination, N 2-8, 3-14 from Ag shany ґ Gara pishras, and N 97-40-6, 97-41-2, 97-41-3 from Ag shany ґGara shany.
120-123 152
Abstract
There were studied the yield structure elements of maize for silage purposes, when growing it under conditions of irrigated gray-brown soil, and replacing a part of mineral fertilizer by manure. Investigations were carried out at the Apsheron small experimental holding of the Azarbaijan Scientific Research Institute of Forages, Meadows and Pastures in 2012-2014. There were determined the umber of plants, plant mass, number of leaves and ears during the period of milky-wax ripeness, and weight of ears per one plant under different sowing dates and application of various rates of mineral fertilizers and manure. Thus, according to the results of studies carried out for the three-year period, it has been found that the optimal sowing date, plant density and feeding conditions of maize were in the second ten-day period of April against the background of N130P100 + 20 t of manure, when sown 71 thousand plants per 1 ha according the 70 ґ 20 cm scheme.
FISH FARMING AND AQUACULTURE
45-51 356
Abstract
The first results are given from the work with the fish populations of inconnu Stenodus leucichthys nelma (Guldenstadt, 1772) from the Yenisei river basin. Investigations were carried out at the Scientific Research Institute of Ecology of Fishery Reservoirs, Krasnoyarsk. To increase the number of this fish species within the area and its commercial cultivation, we suggest using the industrial methods for inconnu reproduction in the warm water with the use of artificial feeds. It is shown that the temperature regulation during incubation shortens incubation periods. With that, it is possible to obtain inconnu larvae by the end of February. When fed intensively, the juveniles reach 10 g weight by June. Stocking of water bodies with grown-up juveniles may be variable: one-year feeding grounds in small lakes or ponds with low-value aboriginal ichthyofauna (leucaspius, roach, perch, ruff, etc.) to produce fingerlings; stocking the Yenisei to maintain natural reproduction; pasture fish farming in the reservoirs of the Angara-Yenisei cascade. We provide the data on the formation of a repair inconnu herd, and its maintenance in pools with artificial feeds. In the fifth year of cultivation, the average fish weight in the established herd reaches 3.72 kg. We discuss the use of inconnu as a biological improver in the reservoirs of the Angara-Yenisei cascade. The introduction of this fish species as a biological improver will result in the elimination of ordinary fish, and weaken interspecific and intraspecific competitive relations in the basin. The equation of inconnu spawn incubation periods depending on water temperature is given.
51-57 402
Abstract
A technology for cultivating viable juveniles in a temporary hatchery complex near the spawning areas in the Yenisei basin is described for the first time. It has been developed at the Scientific Research Institute of Ecology of Fishery Reservoirs, Krasnoyarsk. The work was conducted on the right tributaries of the Yenisei, the Agul and Mana rivers, in 2010-2014. The temporary fish breeding complex is designed for obtaining and rearing the planting material of freshwater fish species for the purposes of artificial reproduction and field research. It has equipment, which allows conducting the entire complex of fish breeding autonomously. The novelty of this biotechnology is the technical solution of the fish breeding work, which allows obtaining viable fish juveniles at relatively small costs to stock natural water bodies. We have identified spawning temperatures for lenok Brachymistax lenok (Pallas, 1773) of 8.2-9.0 °C, and taimen Hucho taimen (Pallas, 1773) of 6.8-8.6 °C. We have improved the technique for in vivo obtaining of spawn of Siberian grayling Thymallus arcticus (Pallas, 1776), lenok and taimen, using anesthesia (suspension of clove oil), and returning fish to the natural environment. We have defined incubation periods of taimen and lenok, temperature conditions for all fish breeding processes, and feeding regimes for these species. We provide the ways of water treatment and prevention of fungal and bacterial diseases of fish. The results are shown for juvenile salmon fishes. In all for 2010-2014, 869443 samples of grown-up juveniles were delivered to the Yenisei basin including 21677 samples of lenok, 267123 of taimen, and 580700 of Siberian grayling.
ECONOMICS
87-91 291
Abstract
Results are given from studies on assessing land resources in Krasnoyarsk Territory being a typical representative of regions with extreme environmental conditions. The assessment has indicated a significant reduction in agricultural land areas due to the fact that 856 agricultural enterprises and farms stopped functioning, and the most producing arable land was disposed from land turnover. The high level of arable land use was established in the agricultural enterprises of Central and Western macro-regions of Krasnoyarsk Territory. The effectiveness of land resources use was found to affect the development of agriculture and providing of the Territory’s population with foodstuffs. The structure of arable land and crop acreage, which is important for increasing the agricultural production volume, is not consistent with the recommendations of scientific institutions: the share of grain crops is higher than that of fodder-grain and fodder crops. The highest effectiveness of land resources use was observed in Western macro-region, the lowest in Priangarskiy macro-region. During the period under study, the value of agricultural production per 100 ha of agricultural lands increased 1.5 times, per one employee 1.8 times, which indicated the effectiveness of land resources use in the Territory. However, the per capita production of meat and milk does not satisfy thr needs of the Territory's population.
ISSN 0370-8799 (Print)
ISSN 2658-462X (Online)
ISSN 2658-462X (Online)