The work presents the results of the research into field efficiency of application of new fungicides when growing spring common wheat in the foreststeppe zone of Western Siberia. At the beginning of the earing phase, crops of spring common wheat Novosibirskaya 31 and Obskaya 2 were treated with fungicides on the basis of tebuconazole in the form of its supramolecular complexes with vegetable metabolites - licorice root extract {Glycyrrhiza uralensis) and polysaccharide arabinogalactan from Larex sibirica and Larix gmelinii. The use of tebuconazole complexes with licorice extract and arabinogalactan suppressed the development of major leaf diseases - Septoria, brown rust and powdery mildew. In spring wheat crops of Novosibirskaya 31, the development of diseases decreased by 95.4- 100%, which is comparable with the biological efficiency of commercial fungicide Folicur, CE - 97.1-98.1%. Spraying of Obskaya 2 crops with the studied preparation led to the decrease in the prevalence of Septoria disease by 92.1-97,0%, and the use of Folikur - by 97.1%. The treatment with fungicidal complexes increased the assimilation surface of the flag leaf in both spring wheat varieties. The complex of tebuconazole with licorice extract proved to be the most efficient: in Novosibirskaya 31 the area of the flag leaf increased by 27%, in Obskaya 2 - by 29.8%. When using tebuconazole with arabinogalactan, the flag-leaf area increased by 24 and 22%, respectively. Spraying crops with Folicur increased the performance of the varieties Novosibirskaya 31 by 25.6%, Obskaya 2 - by 24.5%. The weight of grains of the main spike also increased in the variants of treatment of Novosibirskaya 31 with tebuconazole complex with licorice extract by 36.1%, and with arabinogalactan - by 34.4%, which was higher than during crop treatment with Folicur (33.7%). The increase in the grain weight of the main spike of Obskaya 2 wheat variety was 18.4% and 13.8%, respectively, depending on the preparation, while Folikur's application provided the increase by 11.6%. Spraying crops with the studied preparations ensured the increase in the yield of spring wheat grain of the variety Novosibirskaya 31 by 12.1-12.3%, which is comparable with the results of using Folicur - 11.9%. The responsiveness of the variety Obskaya 2 on the application of the complex of tebuconazole with licorice extract was higher and accounted for 20.1%, when spraying tebuconazole with arabinogalactan, its yield increased by 11.2%, and the use of Folicurum led to the increase by 6.6%. Thus, in the conditions of the forest-steppe of Western Siberia, it is more efficient to treat spring common wheat crops at the beginning of the wheat earing phase with the composition of tebuconazole with licorice extract in the consumption rate of the preparation 0.5 kg/ha.

The paper presents the results of the longterm studies (1982-1995 and 2011-2014) on the effectiveness of mineral fertilizers (NPK) on medium-textured soils of the forest-steppe zone of the Northern Trans-Urals. The studies were conducted on the experimental land-reclamation system located in the central part of the Tarmansky bog land on the second lacustrine-alluvial terrace of the Tura river. The soils have a weakly acid medium reaction 5.2-5.9, relatively low hydrolytic acidity 28.1^10.8 mg - eq. /100 g of soil, a relatively low degree of base saturation 61.7-75.5%, high content of total nitrogen 3.1-3.9% and low content of phosphorus0.09-0.14%andpotassium0.02-0.05%. As a result of the research, it was revealed that there was a lack of nutrients both at the beginning of the growing season of perennial grasses during cold spring and permanently in the second half of the growing season. Therefore, without fertilization, perennial grasses form low hay yields (1.95 t/ha in two-time mowing on average in 14 years). It was noted that over the years, the yield of grass without fertilizers does not tend to increase. Yield fluctuations over the years are mainly due to weather conditions. Systematic application of complete mineral fertilizers in dressings increases the yield of hay of perennial grasses by 2.6-3.8 times. The maximum increase of hay by 32.2 kg on average in 14 years was achieved when applying N30P60K60. The increase in the fertilizer rate from 150 to 240 kg of the primary nutrient reduced the efficiency of each kilogram of the primary nutrient by 20%, whereas the increase up to 330 kg reduced the efficiency by 34%. The need of grasses in nitrogen is satisfied by mineral fertilizers by less than a half (41.4%). Formation of an adequate second mowing is possible only with the application of fertilizers. Fertilization provides a dominant position (87- 92%) of the awnless brome from the second year of using grasses. Annual fertilizer dressings applied to perennial grasses allow to obtain high-quality hay. 

The purpose of the study was the search for microorganisms capable of suppressing quorum feelings associated with the production of phenazines (pyocyanin). The formation of pyocyanine, related to oxyphenazines, is one of the indicators of the quorum-sensing reaction. In order to search for antagonistically active bacterial strains, the microorganisms were co-cullured with the cultures of Pseudomonas aeruginosa wherein the suppression of oxyphenazine production was determined. We used 14 cultures of bacteria from the genera Pseudomonas, Acinetobacter, Enterobacter, Staphylococcus, Microbacterium, Serratia, Sphingobacterium, Lactobacillus, Weisella to find strains suppressing the production of pyocyanin. Piocanin was successively extracted with chloroform and 0.2 M hydrochloric acid, after which its content was determined spectrophotometrically at a wavelength of 520 nm. Several bacterial cultures characterized by the ability to inhibit the production of oxyphenazine in co-cultivation tests with Pseudomonas aeruginosa were found. The identified microorganisms belonged to the microorganisms of the genera Acinetobacter and Pseudomonas, Lactobacillus and Weisella. The Kruskal-Wallis criterion - H (5, N = 21) = 11.86902 is statistically significant (p = 0.0366). The distribution of cultures in the inhibition of the production of oxyphenazines in the experiments on co-cultivation with Pseudomonas aeruginosa was not binomial, which implies the non-random nature of the distribution of cultures according to the results of co-cultivation. Thus, the levels of inhibition of the production of phenazines for different taxa of bacteria in the co-cultivation tests were statistically significantly different from each other. The largest sum of ranks belongs to the group Lactobacillus spp. and this taxon has the greatest effect on the content of phenazines. The decrease in the concentration of fhe final product (pyocyanin), the synthesis of which is initiated by butanol-homoserine lactone, can be associated with the mechanisms of quorum-quenching, and the mechanisms of antagonistic activity of microorganisms that affect the production of the aforementioned metabolites of P. aeruginosa.

The paper presents testing results of feeding dry cows and horses with cryo-feed, preserved by using natural techniques, at winter grazing (tebenevka). Research into digestibility of nutrition substances of cow ration was carried out on 30 cows of Sirrrmental breed divided into three groups (control and two experimental ones, whose ration included 4 and 1.5 kg of cryo-feed respectively). The introduction of cryo-feed in the ration of cows increased the level of metabolizable energy and had a positive impact on the efficiency of energy metabolism. Cows of the 1 st experimental group, where cryo-feed accounted for 12% of the nutrition ration, showed 5.8% higher protein digestibility than the control group. Feeding cows with cryo-feed in the dry period contributed to the maintenance of reproductive qualities. The percentage of fertilization of cows was 90-100%. It was established that feeding horses on cryo-feed significantly increased their nutritional level at tebenevka in the winter time and fully met the need of animals in feeding elements. This marked a high horse feeding capacity per 1 ha of cryo-feed, which amounted to 129-142 horse days. The advantage in organic matter digestibility at tebenevka on cryo-feed accounted for 11.9%, dry matter - 10.48%, crude protein - 18.3%, crude fiber- 21.9%, crude fat - 13.3%, and nitrogen-free extractive substances - 11.7%. The energy supply of a horse organism per 100 kg of live weight was 32.6 MJ, which exceeded the norm by 14.5%. Better digestibility of nutrients of winter-green mass of oats compared to the grass stand was due to the high content of carotene and provitamin Е in plants preserved on the root by natural cold. During the study it was established that the actual foal crop increased by 12-14% at tebenevka with horses on cryo-feed compared to traditional technology.

The analysis of infectious and invasive diseases of horses spread in the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) was carried out. The data from the reports of the Department of Veterinary Medicine and the Republican Veterinary and Testing Laboratory for the period 1986-2017 was used. The main diseases of horses bred in herds in the conditions of Yakutia, which cause significant economic damage, are rhinopneumonia, salmonellosis, leptospirosis, horse strangles, strongylatoses and parascaridosis. These diseases reduce actual foal crops by 20-40% due to infectious abortions. Economic damage per 100 mares may amount to 800-1600 thousand rubles per year. Salmonellosis abortion was registered in 143 settlements of 22 districts, leptospirosis - in 199 settlements in 25 districts. Incidence of horse strangles accounts for 62%, mortality rate being from 4 to 22%. Circulation of the rhinopneumonia virus was noted in 99 settlements of 16 districts. The prevalence of strongylatoses and parascaridosis is 100 and 64.7%, respectively. The greatest concern for horses is caused by 6 species of gadflies of the genus Hybomitra. Species composition of bloodsucking mosquitoes of Central and Western Yakutia is represented by 14-15 species. The epizootic situation in the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) with salmonellosis abortion, rhinopneumonia, leptospirosis, horse strangles, strongylatosis, parascaridosis and entomosis remains tense. It is necessary to develop and implement plans for the prevention of infectious and parasitic diseases using diagnostic stodies, effective vaccines, anthelmmtics and probiotics.

The paper presents requirements to high-quality beef in terms of its general view, biochemical composition, taste and nutritional properties. The parameters which determine the taste, aroma, juiciness, tenderness of meat, as well as the strength and richness of the broth are given. Quality of beef obtained from animals of different beef breeds and their hybrids was assessed. Meat quality of the Hereford breed is higher than that of other most common breeds by the main parameters. The effect of the cow class on the meatproductivity of the young Hereford bulls was experimentally established. They were superior to animals of the control group in pre-slaughter weight by 25 kg (6.4%), slaughter weight - by 15.4 kg (7.5%), relative mass of flesh - by 7.8 kg, half-carcass weight - by 8.1 kg (7.6%). At the age of 20 months Hereford x Simmental steers of the 1st generation and heifers of the 3rd generation were characterized by high quality meat. Depending on housing conditions (with an area of 3.5 m 2 per head), the Kazakh-white-headed x Simmental steers of the 1st generation were in the lead in terms of meat quality. When fattened at the site, the Kazakh-white-headed x young Simmental bulls and heifers of the 1st generation were superior. The positive effect of semen production of Australian stud bulls on meat marbling of Siberian analogues (6 points) was experimentally proven. A new accelerated method of taking a sample of meat for research is described. In this method probes are taken from four easily accessible large muscles: m. supraspinatus, longissimus dorsi, m. iliopsoas (fillet), m. semimembranosus. Their biochemical composition is determined, after which the quality composition of carcass flesh is defined by a special formula with allowance for correction factors.

The paper presents the results of many-year research into the origin, preservation and rational use of the genetic resources of native livestock breeds in the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia). These breeds are characterized by high adaptability to extreme housing conditions and severe environmental conditions. They are not exacting about feeding and are distinguished by high quality of the produce (milk, meat, sldn and products of their processing). The article analyzes natural climatic, historic, social and economic developmental characteristics of Yakut animal husbandry. The main stages of the concept implementation for breeding and raising cattle of the adapted type on the regional level are described. Themolecularandgeneticresearchtestify to the unique genetic structure of native livestock breeds (Yakut cattle, horses and reindeer). The genetic unique character and adaptability of Yakut cattle, horses and reindeer to the harsh conditions make them a valuable material for further breeding work and research into adaptation mechanisms.

A new computer vision algorithm for citrus fruit quality classification based on the size of a single tree fruits was developed in this study. The image properties of area, perimeter, and diameter for the citrus fruits were measured by pixels. In order to estimate citrus fruit size in a realistic manner, the ratios of diameter, perimeter and area in pixel values in relation to the actual size of one fruit were determined. The total of 1860 citrus fruits were grouped based on diameter, perimeter, and area in pixels. The results of the grouping of citrus fruits by diameter, perimeter and area were compared with the results of the survey research into citrus fruit size as conducted by the Jeju Citrus Commission. Comparative results reveal that the image of the citrus fruit diameter in pixels demonstrate a more accurate size than the other two pixel values, i.e. perimeter and area.

In this paper, we propose a method of automated data processing allowing to detect weeds and assess crop sprouts quality and quantity based on RGB images obtained by unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs). The process consists of four main stages: 1) vegetation map generation with the use of modified Triangular Greenness Index (TGI); the index is defined as the area of a triangle formed by 3 points on a spectral curve with wavelengths of 480, 550 and 670 nm and estimates leaf chlorophyll content based on RGB images; 2) determination of the position of crop rows and spaces between rows based on the vegetation map; 3) detection of weeds and generation of an appropriate weed map; 4) division of crop rows into non-intersecting fragments and calculating vegetation density in each (the ratio of vegetation area to the total fragment area). By changing the empirically defined parameters of map thresholds of fragment density, one can obtain a map that describes quality of crop sprouts. Unlike existing methods, the proposed scheme does not require presence of infrared data and can be applied to usual RGB images with the use of wide-spread types of UAVs. The method was tested on RGB images of flax and sunflower sprouts collected with SONY ILCE6000 camera in June, 2017 in Altai Territory. The images were taken at the height of 150 m, spatial resolution was 1.5 cm/pixel. The size of each image was 6000x4000 pixels. Test results confirmed high efficiency of the proposed method.

The paper analyzes the hardware implementation of the rapid method of bioimpedance spectrometry for assessing the degree of berry ripeness. This method is based on the measurement of electrophysical parameters of biological tissues of berries given that the permeability of cell membranes changes during ripening. When creating a portable device for rapid assessment of the degree of berry ripeness, the research results described below were used. After the onset of maturation, when there is an increase in the content of dry soluble substances, there is also an increase in the informative indicator- the coefficient of dispersion of tissue polarization, defined as the ratio of the modules of electrical impedances measured at two frequencies. When berries reach ripeness suitable for harvesting, its increase significantly slows down and stabilizes. The device allows the operator to record this process and determine the optimal timing for harvesting. The operation principle of the device is as follows. The berry is placed in the impedance sensor, made in the form of a clothespin, and contacts with its electrodes. Regulated by the microcontroller, electric current from two sources of sinusoidal current with different frequencies is alternately set between the electrodes in a berry. When the current flows, the voltage across the electrodes is proportional to the magnitude of the berry tissue impedance module. Next, the voltage of each frequency is converted to codes and alternately sent to the microcontroller, which calculates their ratio - the coefficient of dispersion of berry tissue polarization. The result of the calculation is displayed on the screen of the alpha-numeric indicator. Before the beginning of berry maturation, an operator monitors the change in the dispersion coefficient of the berry tissue polarization with the help of the device at intervals of 2-3 days. When its increase stops, the berry is considered to have reached ripeness suitable for harvesting.

Spectral analysis methods are widely used to assess the condition of plants during normal growth and the development of infections. In combination with mathematical methods of pattern recognition from reflection spectra, different indices are constructed, which vary for plants in different studied physiological (and pathophysiological) states. This approach involves setting up indices for specific shared states. Information about the content of pigments is more universal, and allows to talk about the state of the plant on the basis of physiological concepts, regardless of the task being solved. Methods of reflective spectroscopy have recently been developed to obtain information about the content of pigments. The absorption spectrum is estimated from the diffuse reflection spectrum based on the light propagation model in a disperse medium. One of the models of this type is the model Kubelka-Munch. In the case of the large optical thickness of the sample, when the flow passing through the sample at the output is almost zero, one can use a simplified formula, which does not include the thickness of the sample. In other cases, it is necessary to measure this thickness, which is problematic for such biological objects as a plant leaf, because of the complex relief of the leaf surface. The article presents the measurement method and results of studying the applicability of the formula Kubelka-Munch for obtaining absorption spectra from reflection spectra of a wheat leaf without measuring its thickness. The formula is derived for calculation of Kubelka-Munch function (ratio of the absorption coefficient to the diffusion coefficient) by two measurements of diffusion scattering coefficients from the sample, which are performed with absorbing and reflecting substrates. The method allows to calculate the ratio of the absorption coefficient to the diffusion coefficient without measuring the thickness of the sample under study. This index can be used as an assessment criteria of the absorption spectrum with some proportionality factor. It is possible to recommend the method described as the most valid and accurate one for the determination of the absorption coefficient to the diffusion coefficient ratio of a leaf in the laboratory conditions.

Cultivation of thermophilic vegetable crops in Siberian conditions is possible only if the limiting environmental factors of their habitat (heat and moisture availability) are brought to the optimum zone. This requires continuous phytomonitoring of habitat characteristics and plant status indicators performed by a phytomonitor with a set of sensors. Based on the results of phytomonitoring, the production process of the crops to be grown is managed in the real-time mode by conducting technological operations aimed at changing the limiting factor. A scheme has been developed for managing the production process of vegetable crops in canopies. To improve the heat supply, it is proposed to use protective screens with automatic control of inflow-and-exhaust ventilation. The basis is the automatic control scheme with feedbacks. Automatic ventilation control is carried out by measuring the air temperature inside the canopy and forming a signal to activate the mechanism drive. The water availability of plants is estimated by the value of the water stress index, calculated on the basis of measurements of air temperature and humidity and leaf temperature. An algorithm for calculating the water stress index has been developed and experiments have been conducted to measure the characteristics of the habitat and indicators of the state of plants in laboratory and field conditions. The characteristic of changes in the water stress index of plants inside and outside the canopy was obtained. Based on the value of the water stress index, it was concluded that the plants are adequately supplied with water. The results of the experiments showed high reliability of the phytomonitor and a set of sensors. Further studies will focus on improving the production process management system using phytomonitoring in real time based on the methodology of evapotranspiration calculation.