The patterns of phosphorus and potassium status of soils were studied given the improvement of agricultural technologies of irrigated agriculture. Long-term studies were carried out in an experimental grain-grass crop rotation on irrigated meadow-chernozem soil. The experimental plot is located in the southern forest-steppe of Omsk region. Intensive use of irrigated arable land with a rational combination of moisture and mineral nutrition regimes contributes to obtaining maximum yields of forage and grain crops. The creation of various conditions for mineral nutrition due to an increased and high supply of mobile phosphorus and with the application of different options of agricultural technologies made it possible to simulate possible agro-ecological conditions that form contrasting indices of crop productivity. A comparative assessment of the effectiveness of various agricultural approaches to growing crops under irrigation conditions indicates that soil cultivation techniques and forecrops did not significantly affect the content of available phosphorus in the soil. The equilibrium content of mobile phosphorus given a long-term negative balance changed insignificantly. The systematic application of phosphorus-containing fertilizers significantly increased the phosphate status of the soil. However, an adequate assessment of the phosphate status of arable soils is possible using several diagnostic indices (methods). Long-term intensive use of irrigated arable land has reduced the reserves of easily exchangeable potassium from 4 to 1-2 mg/100 g of soil in the arable layer. The content of exchangeable potassium has also decreased by almost 2 times, but the soil remains in a high and very high class of its availability. However, a number of indicators show its increasing depletion in the most mobile fractions of soil potassium. The reserves of non-exchangeable potassium are more stable, which have decreased by about 19% over 40 years, and the soil has passed into the category with an unstable supply.

The results of the study on the comparative assessment of different tillage methods in the field crop rotation with different levels of mineral nutrition (N₃₀P₃₀ and N₆₀P₃₀ kg of active ingredient/ ha) are presented. The experiment was carried out on low-humus low-carbonate chernozem of the forest-steppe zone of Eastern Trans-Baikal Territory in 2012–2014. The zoned variety of Buryatskaya-79 spring wheat, and Metis oat variety were used for sowing. Low-cost methods of soil tillage were studied, providing for the preservation and improvement of soil fertility, an increase in the productivity of grain and fodder crops, and a decrease in material and energy costs. Replacement of the basic tillage with a PN-4-35 plow with a ring roller in the third and fourth crop rotation fields by surface tillage with a Stepnyak-7.4 cultivator and direct sowing on the stubble with a PPM Ob4-ZT seeder when applying mineral fertilizers at a rate of N₆₀P₃₀ kg of active ingredient/ha had a positive effect on the condition of the soil. The following indicators of soil fertility were achieved: structural coefficient 1.28–1.38, organic matter content 3.15–3.33%, productive moisture content in the 0–50 cm layer 29.2–31.8 mm, the release of carbon dioxide 1.810–1.969 kg per 1 hour, the content of Р₂О₅ in the 0–20 cm layer 71–96 mg/kg of soil, the content of K₂O – 57–82 mg/kg of soil. An increase in the yield of oat grain of 0.16–0.21 t/ha, the green mass of annual grasses of 3.44.0 t/ha, the collection of feed units of 0.32–0.34 t/ha, a reduction in the cost of fuel and lubricants by 31.2-36.4%, and an increase in profitability by 25.0–40.3% were achieved.

The results of research on improving disturbed lands by sowing them with perennial grasses are presented. The methods of seed production of perennial cereal grasses, the genotype of which allows to go through all development phases during a short warm period and resume their growth the next year, were studied. The study was carried out in the forest-tundra zone of the Yamal-Nenets Autonomous Okrug on an oldarable (30-year development) surface-podzolic eluvial-gleyic soil in 2016-2018. It was established that sowing perennial grasses for seeds using a wide-row method is more effective than conventional row planting. On average in 2 years, the yield of seeds of red fescue grass was 0.36 t/ha, which is 0.08 t/ha or 28.6%, higher with a wide-row sowing method than with the conventional row planting. It was established that a decrease in the seeding rate by half ensures an increase in the yield of seeds compared to the previously recommended rates. The yield of seeds of red fescue grass with a reduced seeding rate and a wide-row sowing method on average in 2 years was 0.39 t/ha, alpine bluegrass – 0.6 t/ha, which was 0.02–0.06 t/ha higher than with full seeding rates, respectively. Sowing of cereal grasses in the middle of September (before winter) proved to be promising. The seed yield of Bering meadow grass sown in early-winter was noted to be higher (by 83%) than in the spring period; the yield of red fescue grass was practically the same in both studied variants. The maximum seed yield is formed by local species of perennial grasses.

The research was carried out in order to study the effect of autumn vegetation conditions on the growth, development and overwintering of winter wheat and rye depending on different sowing dates. The work was performed in 2016–2019 in the conditions of the forest-steppe of the Ob region. The research material included the varieties of tetraploid winter rye Vlada and Tetra short and winter wheat varieties Novosibirskaya 40 and Novosibirskaya 3. Sowing was carried out on three dates: 1st – 23 August, 2nd – 31 August and 3rd – 7 September under bare fallow. The choice of the optimal sowing time creates favorable conditions for the growth and development of winter crops and their preparation for further overwintering. According to the studies, it was noted that the intensity of autumn shoot formation and plant growth to a greater extent depends on the duration of the autumn growing season. A decrease in the plant growth rate and formation of tillering shoots from the first sowing date to the third date was associated with a decrease in the sum of effective temperatures. When sowing on a later date, the sum of effective temperatures varied in the range of 90–197° over the years. Under these conditions, overwintering rate of winter rye remained at the level of 94–100%, while in winter wheat it decreased to 40%. The best option, which ensured the stability of winter resistance, was the second sowing date (August 31) with a sum of effective temperatures of 250-300°, whereby the plants formed 3–4 tillering shoots and the plant height reached 18–25 cm. Winter rye outperforms winter wheat in autumn growth rate, shoot formation and in the vegetation cone development.

The results of research into effectiveness of fungicidal protectants against root rot and leaf-stem diseases of soybeans are presented. The study was carried out in the Primorsky Territory in 2019, 2020 in the conditions of plot experiment. Delete Pro (active agent pyraclostrobin, 200 g/l) was used at a consumption rate of 1.0 l/t, Redigo Pro (active agent prothioconazole, 150 g/l + tebuconazole, 20 g/l) – 0.9 l/t. The preparations were used for seed treatment in a semi-dry way before sowing. It was revealed that Delete Pro and Redigo Pro do not have a negative effect on the crop and have a positive effect on the germination of soybean seeds. A high fungicidal activity of the protectants used in the experiment was noted in relation to root rot affecting the crop. The chemicals helped to reduce the intensity of infections during the flowering phase by 17.0% (Delete Pro) and 24.9% (Redigo Pro). The protective effect of pre-sowing seed treatment with protectants was also revealed in reducing leaf-stem diseases. It was found that the chemicals have high biological effectiveness against septoria (16.7–25.2%), cercosporosis (0–44.6%) and peronosporosis (29.5–87.5%). The use of Delete Pro and Redigo Pro contributed to active growth of plants and an increase in the main productivity indicators: seed weight by 0.1–0.6 g, seed number by 1.4–2.8 pcs from one plant, as well as thousand-seed-weight by 8.5–9.3 g. Significant increase in grain yield of 0.19 t/ha (2019) and 0.20 t/ha (2020) was obtained in the variant with Redigo Pro. The protectants used contributed to the increase in the profitability level by 222 and 564%, respectively.

The sensitivity of agricultural crops to the Lumax herbicide, consisting of three active agents C-metolachlor, terbutylazine and mesotrione, the duration of their action in meadow-brown soil, and the aftereffect of the herbicide on the plants of the crop rotation were determined. The study was conducted in the conditions of the greenhouse in the Primorsky Territory in 2019 and 2020. The herbicide Lumax was used on experimental plots before corn germination at doses of 4.0 l/ha (recommended) and 8.0 l/ha (twice the recommended). In the autumn of 2019 and in the spring of 2020, samples of meadow-brown soil were taken from the experimental plots and from the control (without herbicides) from the depth of the arable layer containing 3.5% humus. The samples were used to establish the duration of the action of active agents and the aftereffect of the herbicide Lumax. Prior to this, plants indicating residual amounts of the chemical in meadow-brown soil were preselected. The doses of the herbicide which reduce the above-ground mass of the test plant by 50% were calculated, as well as its maximum permissible concentration in the soil. It was determined that by the end of the growing season, 0.7–3.0% of the active agent of the herbicide Lumax is retained in meadow-brown soil at a rate of application of 4.0 l/ha, and 0.6–3.9% – at a rate of 8.0 l/ha. By the beginning of the next field season, the preparation applied at the recommended rate completely decomposed, while when it was applied at a double rate of the recommended rate, 0.8–1.7% of the herbicide remained. Eight months after the application at a rate of 4.0 l/ha, the herbicide Lumax is safe for subsequent crops of the crop rotation. In case of overdose or double application (8.0 l/ ha), it can have an aftereffect on sensitive crops. The crops that are highly sensitive to the Lumax preparation were identified: cabbage, radish, rapeseed, beetroot, tomatoes, cucumber and rice; sensitive: wheat, buckwheat and soybean; relatively resistant: oats and barley. A safe consumption rate of the Lumax herbicide (4.0 l/ha) for subsequent crops of the crop rotation was established.

The immunomorphological parameters of cattle in different periods of lactation were studied. In the first 3 months of lactation, excluding 7 days of the colostrum period, 59.3 units of circulating immune complexes were found in the serum, in the middle of lactation (4–7 months) – 94.2 (p <0.05), at the end (8–10 months) – 94.1 units (p <0.05). The significant difference between the indicator in the first 3 months and in the subsequent periods of lactation is due to the fact that at the beginning of lactation the cows were not yet pregnant. In the colostrum period, a high rate of circulating immune complexes of 116.1 units (p <0.05) was determined as a consequence of a fetal prenatal immune attack on the cow's body, when the system of mononuclear phagocytes had not yet coped with the elimination of neutralization products. During the dry period, the number of circulating immune complexes was 87.6 units (p <0.05). The decrease in the indicator occurred due to an increase in the activity of mononuclear phagocytes and the absence of lactation effect on the body. The content of segmental, functionally mature leukocytes at the beginning of lactation was 39.4%, in the middle of lactation this indicator decreased to 24.8% (p<0.05), at the end it was 26.3% (p<0.05). A significant difference was found in the relative number of segmented neutrophils in the control group and in non-lactating cows in the dry period – 29.9% (p <0.05). During the colostrum period, the level of lymphocytes in the blood of animals was 62.0% (p <0.05) and it significantly differed from the control – 43.6%. In the middle and at the end of lactation, there was also a significant difference between the indicator and the control, up to 58.9–59.4% (p<0.05). A significant difference with the group of down-calving dry cows was established – 53.9% (p <0.05). In the first 1–3 months of lactation, cows are either not yet pregnant, or a close bond (placenta) between the mother and the fetus has not yet been formed, therefore a low activity of specific immunity at this time is caused by the absence of foreign fetal antigens in the blood of cows. The findings suggest that the birth process may be initiated by the immune system.

The results of the experiment on the use of protein-vitamin flour from wheat bran, divided into fractions with particle size of 140, 400 and 800 µm in the diet of domesticated quails are presented. The experiment lasted for 60 days and was carried out according to the generally accepted methods on quails of the Japanese breed, formed in four similar groups (one control and three experimental), 80 heads each, at the age of one-day old. All groups received compound feed (the main diet), prepared taking into account the age and physiological characteristics of quails, but in the bird diet of the 1st, 2nd and 3rd experimental groups, part of the wheat (7%) was replaced with wheat protein-vitamin flour of three fractions with a particle size of 140, 400 and 800 µm, respectively. The poultry was kept in a battery cage under required microclimate conditions. The effect of feeding fractionated protein-vitamin flour from wheat bran was studied on the survival rate of quail chicks, their growth rate, indicators of meat productivity and hematological parameters, changes in the species composition of microorganisms of the gastrointestinal tract. The optimal fractions of wheat bran flour as the new feed in the diets of quails were determined in terms of efficiency of their productive and physiological action. The introduction of protein-vitamin flour from wheat bran into the compound feed of quails with a particle size of 140 and 400 µm in the amount of 7% of the grain part of the diet increased the survival rate of quail chicks by 3.0%, the average daily gain in live weight by 2.30 and 5.59%, the weight of eviscerated bird carcass by 4.5 and 6.16%, protein content in meat by 0.84 and 0.57%. Feeding the quails with flour of various fractions did not have a positive effect on the conversion of feed into produce. The biochemical parameters of the quail chicks’ blood remained within the physiological norm. Fractionated protein-vitamin flour with a particle size of 400 and 800 µm stimulated the growth of bifidobacteria, and with a particle size of 140 and 800 µm inhibited the development of Escherichia coli.

The results of the study on the effect of new microbial preparations on the dynamics of the absolute weight and average daily gain of geese are presented. In the scientific experiment, probiotics Vetom 20.76 based on the predatory fungus Arthrobotrys oligospora and Vetom 1 on the basis of live spore-forming bacteria of the Bacillus subtilis DSM 32424 strain, which have anthelmintic, antiviral and antifungal effects, were used. One control and four experimental groups of 10 goslings each at the age of 1 month were formed according to the principle of analog pairs. The goslings of the experimental groups received Vetom 20.76 in various dosages: young birds of the 1st experimental group – 0.5 μl/kg of live body weight, the 2nd – 1 μl/kg, the 3rd – 2 μl/kg. Goslings of the 4th experimental group were given Vetom 1 at a dose of 50 mg/kg of live body weight. Both drugs were given in the morning with water, once a day for 30 days. These drugs were not prescribed to geese of the control group. It was established that Preparations Vetom 20.76 in doses of 0.5; 1 and 2 μl/ kg of body weight and Vetom 1 at a dose of 50 mg/kg of body weight have a growth-stimulating effect when given to goslings for 30 days. The growth rate of the experimental birds depended on the dose of the drugs used. Optimal results were obtained with the use of Vetom 20.76 at a dose of 2 μl/ kg of body weight and Vetom 1 at a dose of 50 mg/kg of body weight once a day for 30 days. The average daily gain in live weight of the experimental geese increased in the 3d and 4th experimental groups by 5.24 and 20.60% in the first 15 days of the experiment and by 24.8 and 44.64% during the aftereffect of the drug.

The results of studying the interaction of calcium and pancreatic enzymes in 46-week-old Hisex white chickens are presented. It is shown that intestinal absorption of calcium is accompanied by endogenous excretion of calcium with digestive juices. The effect of calcium on tryptic activity in an in vitro experiment was determined. In the experiment, different doses of calcium (5.0; 7.5; 0.5; 12.5 and 25.0 mg) were injected into the pancreatic juice of chickens, previously diluted with physiological solution 10 times. The number of repetitions in each variant of the experiment was 20 times. For the experiment, 2-aqueous calcium chloride (Chimmed, RF) was used. Trypsin activity was determined by the kinetic method. The content of calcium was determined with a Sinnowa BS-3000P biochemical analyzer (China) and a set for the determination of calcium in the blood of animals DIAKON-VET (RF). It was found that pancreatic juice of chickens contains up to 2.9 ± 0.03 mmol of calcium/l, which is comparable to the level of calcium in the blood serum of 1.99 ± 0.10 – 3.13 ± 0.20 mmol/l. The inhibiting effect of calcium on the tryptic activity was found. A five-fold increase in calcium in pancreatic juice of chickens reduces the activity of trypsin by 34.7%. According to the analysis of variance, the concentration of calcium in pancreatic juice affects tryptic activity, the reliability of the effect is confirmed by 92%. A stable negative correlation was established between calcium content in pancreatic juice and activity of trypsin r = –0.78, which is consistent with the correlation of the corresponding parameters in the blood. These findings serve as evidence that calcium together with proteases can be regarded as an element that regulates metabolic processes in chickens.

The symptoms and biophysical processes occurring in garden strawberry plants when they are affected by the dominant type of disease (up to 80%) caused by pathogenic fungi have been described. The ineffectiveness of the visual assessment of the degree of damage to strawberry diseases by a conventional 5-point scale or as a percentage of the leaf plate area affected by fungi, with the involvement of qualified specialists, has been shown. To create diagnostic tools that allow early detection of fungal diseases of garden strawberries, one of the methods of computer vision was proposed by counting image pixels in the space of color channels of red, green and blue (R, G, B), which makes it possible to determine the degree of fungal diseases affecting an individual plant leaf. The algorithm includes capturing an image with a digital camera by focusing on a plant leaf placed on a substrate with a uniform background providing a contrasting selection of the object; converting a color image to black and white; dividing the image between areas with necrotic spots and healthy areas of the plant leaf by masking and removing pixels; counting the number of pixels in these two areas and calculating their ratio. Information about a computer software for determining the degree of damage to a strawberry leaf by garden fungal diseases has been given. Java programming language (operating system Android Studio 3.4.1) was used as a language for the development of the logical part of the information system. In order to build a graphical interface, the software facilitating the development and integration of various modules of the LibGDX software project was used. The proposed algorithm is implemented for a personal computer and can be installed on a smartphone in the form of a software application, with the help of which any agricultural producer can carry out early diagnosis of fungal plant diseases.

The problems of constructing and implementing the structure of the information management system (IMS) for the cultivation of grain crops based on the optimization of the choice of agricultural technologies in view of the methods of the management theory, system and compartmental approaches are considered. The objects of management are soil, a cultivated crop and ecology of the agricultural landscape area used. It is concluded that the IMS belongs to the class of adaptive control systems with prediction by a multidimensional dynamic stochastic object. A new quality of the management system, which significantly determines its structure, is shown, namely the presence of a control loop for maintaining soil fertility and ecology in crop rotation and a control loop for the agrocenosis of the crop. A hierarchical block diagram of the object management system with forecasting is proposed, which implements functional transformations of the information flow in the IMS. As a criterion for choosing an alternative agricultural technology, environmental and economic efficiency was used, modified in view of the management goals and the composition of the machine and tractor fleet. The analytical description of the processes of the agrobiosystem at the modern level is based on the compartmental approach with the description of phenomena in the form of differential equations. The content of the compartment describes the process of energy and mass transfer in the system: soil – vegetation cover – ground layer of the air based on functional (theoretical) dynamic simulation. Based on the results of the information review, the possibility of implementation of such a management system has not been currently identified. The use of empirical simulation models in the IMS is unacceptable, since a change in a crop or natural-climatic zone will require the development of a new empirical model. The systems for simulating biophysical processes WOFOST, DSSAT, DSSAT Cropping System (CSM), APSIM and AGROTOOL, using methods of functional dynamic simulation within the framework of the compartmental approach, have been analyzed. The developed IMS structure using the AGROTOOL crop productivity model is implemented on condition that new modules of compartments are created.

The first stage results within the framework of the thesis “Investigation of computer vision methods and algorithms in the field of plant diseases detection” are presented. The analysis of the work related to the automatic assessment of plant disease severity was carried out. It was established that for solving problems in this field, convolution neural networks are promising methods, which are currently superior to classical methods of computer vision in terms of accuracy. To assess the severity degree, classification and segmentation architectures of convolutional neural networks are used. Classification architectures are able to take into account disease visual features at different stages of the disease development, but information about the actual affected area is unavailable. On the other hand, solutions based on segmentation architectures provide actual data on the lesion area, but do not grade severity levels according to disease visual features. Based on the result of the research into the application of convolutional neural networks and options for their use, the goal of this study was determined, which is to develop an automatic system capable of determining the lesion area, as well as to take into account disease visual features and the type of immunological reaction of the plant at different stages of disease progress. It is planned to build a system based on the segmentation architecture of a convolutional neural network, which will produce multi-class image segmentation. Such a network is able to divide image pixels into several classes: background, healthy leaf area, affected leaf area. In turn, the class "affected leaf area" will include several subclasses corresponding to the disease visual features at different stages of disease progress.