The results of the study of the influence of pre-planting treatment of tubers with biopreparations based on Bacillus subtilis bacterial strains on the growth, photosynthetic activity of plants, disease damage and yield of the Yakutyanka potato variety under the conditions of Central Yakutia are presented. The experiment scheme included control (tubers without treatment), treatment of the tubers before planting with the biofungicide Phytosporin-M and the suspension of an equal ratio of B. subtilis TNP-3 and B. subtilis TNP-5 bacterial strains isolated from permafrost soils of Yakutia. It was found that treatment of tubers before planting with biopreparations accelerated sprouting by 2-4 days, increased biomass and photosynthetic activity of the plants (by 6-19%), the number (11) and weight (48–57%) of tubers, reduced the damage of the plants by a complex of diseases by 1.8–2.9 times and increased the yield by 7.4–8.8 t/ha (54–64%). The share of biopreparation influence in the variability of economically valuable indicators and yield was shown to be 45–96%, weather conditions 1–38%, factor interaction 1–11%. Significant positive correlation of the yield, number and weight of the tubers with the height, number and weight of the plants, leaf area, photosynthetic potential (r = 0.81...0.98), and negative correlation with rhizoctonia disease, potato scab, and common mosaic (r = –0.80...–0.96) were revealed. There was an inverse relationship between disease prevalence and indices of plant growth and photosynthetic activity (r = –0.33...–0.96). Damage by potato scab and rhizoctonia disease increases 1.4–1.8 times in arid conditions, while blackleg, rugose and common mosaic damage decreases 1.6–2.5 times. Regression equations were calculated, which allow to predict leaf area, photosynthetic potential and yield by plant mass promptly and with high accuracy (R2 = 0.85...0.95). When the bush weight in the flowering phase increased by 100 g, the leaf area of the plants increased by 2.3 thousand m2/ha, photosynthetic potential during the growing season by 120 thousand m2 · day/ha, and the yield by 9.7 t/ha. The difference between actual and calculated values amounted to 2.7–4.7%.

The results of research in a long-term (1982–2021) stationary experiment to determine the coefficients of nitrogen use of mineral fertilizers by the crops of grain and fallow crop rotation in the conditions of the dry-steppe zone of Buryatia are presented. Chestnut loamy sand soil on the studied variants was characterized by very low content of humus, total nitrogen and nitrates before sowing of the crops. During the research period, the prevalence of dry years was noted. Nitrogen use coefficients of mineral fertilizers in the conditions of the dry-steppe zone of Buryatia on average for 39 years of research were 69% for wheat, 54% for oats and 90% for oats for grain haylage. The variation of the coefficients was significantly influenced by summer moistening conditions. They were 32% under extreme and severe drought, 57% under moderate and weak drought, and increased significantly (up to 124%) under favorable moisture conditions. The utilization of nitrogen of solid mineral fertilizers was maximum in the third crop (oats for grain haylage) and more responsive to the atmospheric moistening. The smallest consumption coefficients and the range of its changes were observed in oats for grain. The first crop of the rotation (fallow wheat) occupied an intermediate position in this assessment. The data on the influence of soil moisture and hydrothermal conditions of separate critical periods of vegetation on the variation of the coefficient of mineral fertilizer nitrogen utilization (N40) by wheat, oats, and oats for grain haylage were obtained. The correlation analysis showed that the most critical period for nitrogen consumption in wheat is June (r = 0.61), in oats – July (r = 0.51) and July–August for oats for grain haylage (r = 0.50–0.52). Multiple linear models of dependence of N fertilizer use coefficients on productive moisture content and hydrothermal conditions were made.

In recent years there has been a tendency in the Russian Federation to increase the area under rapeseed, the area of which is constantly expanding. Research on economic and biological evaluation of spring rape varieties and hybrids was carried out in one of the farms of the Kirov region. Promising varieties and hybrids were studied under comparative aspect in production conditions. The seeds field germination was studied, the safety of the plants by the time of harvesting was determined. The duration of interphase and vegetation periods of the promising varieties and hybrids of spring rape was estimated, the yield of their seeds was compared. Analysis of the productivity structure elements of these varieties and hybrids is presented. In the experiment spring rape varieties Heros, Campino, Yarilo, obtained under farm conditions and having appropriate quality documents, and the first generation hybrids Joy, Jazz, Hephaestus, Joker, Jerome, Jerry were sown. When assessing the duration of the vegetation period, it was found that all the samples by biological rhythms fit into the vegetation period of the Kirov region and belong to the medium-maturing group. Field germination of the studied varieties and hybrids on average during the years of the study ranged from 48.8 to 75.8%. On average for 2 years, the highest field germination was observed in the first generation hybrids Joker and Hephaestus (75.8 and 69.1%, respectively). Preservation of plants for harvesting higher than the control (84%), on average for 2 years was observed in the varieties Campino and Yarilo. In terms of seed yield, hybrids Jerry F1 (16.7 c/ha) and Joker F1 (16.2) and the variety Yarilo (16.3 c/ha) significantly outperformed the control (15.5 c/ha). Hybrids Joy (450), Joker (482) and the variety Yarilo (459) reliably surpassed the control (358) by the number of pods on one plant on average for 2 years.

The process of obtaining initial pear plants is considered. The technological process includes the selection of plants of a certain variety according to pomological, physiological qualities and productivity; diagnostics for the presence of viruses, phytoplasmas and other harmful organisms by ELISA, PCR and indicators testing; in the absence of healthy plants – release from pathogens by methods of thermotherapy, chemotherapy, in vitro culture, magnetotherapy with re-testing. After preliminary testing in greenhouse conditions, candidate plants for initial plants are obtained, which are then subjected to testing using a set of diagnostic methods. Plants free from the main harmful viruses and phytoplasma are transferred to the category of “initial plants”, and if all the tested plants are infected, they are subjected to recovery. Dry air thermotherapy in combination with grafting of apexes on virus-free rootstocks provides the possibility of obtaining healthy plants during one growing season. For chemotherapy, along with reference drugs (ribavirin), the use of phenolic compounds (salicylic, gallic acids) is promising, which can increase the efficiency of plant recovery from viruses by an average of 28–30%, reduce the cost of the recovery process and improve workplace safety. The use of magnetic pulse processing increases the environmental safety of the technology in the absence of the phytotoxic effect. After diagnosis by a complex of methods in the absence of viruses, pear plants receive the category “initial plant” and are further propagated by budding or grafting.

The results of three-year studies (2020–2022) conducted in the forest-steppe zone of the Samara region in the agrocenosis of winter wheat are presented. The purpose of the work was to study the influence of natural and climatic conditions of the research area on the formation of yield indicators, protein content in winter wheat grain. The material was 10 varieties from the Vavilov All-Russian Institute of Plant Genetic Resources (VIR) collection and 5 varieties of selection of the Povolzhsky Scientific Research Institute of Selection and Seed Growing named after P.N. Konstantinov. Yield, grain protein content and protein yield per hectare were determined. Varieties characterized by high yield and high amount of protein in grain, showing maximum protein yield in different weather conditions of the years were identified. Over the years of research, the year 2022 was the most favorable for the formation of high yields (between 6 and 8.5 t/ha were harvested in the indicated year), where a large amount of precipitation was observed in May – the first ten-day period of June. The protein content in grain was the highest in 2021 (14–19%), when high temperatures were observed during the grain filling period in the absence of precipitation. For each variety, the correlation dependence of the sum of active temperatures and the amount of precipitation during the spring-summer vegetation period with the studied indicators was established. There was a negative correlation between the sum of active temperatures and yield (from –0.553 to –0.981) and a positive correlation with the protein content indicator (from 0.605 to 0.984) depending on the variety. The amount of precipitation was in a positive correlation with the yield index, the dependence on the protein content in the grain was ambiguous and depended on the variety. The studied indicators were influenced not only by natural and climatic conditions, but also by the genotypic features of the studied varieties, which explains the diverse correlation dependence.

The results of studying the viability of the fungus Colletotrichum lupini var. lupini, which is the causative agent of a dangerous disease of lupine – anthracnose, are presented. The purpose of the study was to determine the viability of the fungus under different terms and conditions of storage of lupin seeds and plant residues in climatic conditions of the Bryansk region. The work was done in 2018–2021. The object of research were the seeds, seedlings and plant residues of the Michurinsky variety white lupine and the Vityaz variety narrow-leafed lupine stored under different conditions for four years. Seed anthracnose infestation before and after storage was determined by paper roll method. The fungus was identified by conidia type using a light microscope. The viability of the fungus on plant residues (bean leaflets, stems) was determined by isolation into pure cultures on nutrient medium. It was found that infected seeds were the main source of anthracnose infection. In the conditions of a granary with a natural regime of temperature and humidity for the first year of storage the infection of white lupine seeds with anthracnose decreased from 8.1 to 4.0%, and narrow-leafed lupine – from 4.8 to 1.7%. After three years of storage, the number of the seeds with viable infection of the fungus was 1.1 and 0.4%, respectively. Consequently, lupin seeds from previous years pose less risk as a source of infection. The viability of the fungus decreased on the infected crop residues under room conditions and under the roof of the granary from the first year of storage. By spring 2021, it was 12.0 and 19.0%, respectively. The viability of the fungus decreased faster on unplowed crop residues. It was 2.0% in the spring of 2020 and leveled off completely by the fall. Decomposition of plant residues in the soil is faster than on the surface, and after overwintering, the fungus on them completely loses its viability and cannot be the source of infection.

The use of pesticides is accompanied by a number of environmental and agrotechnological problems. Many pesticides do not degrade and stay in the soil for years and have low selectivity. Massive application of pesticides with non-selective nature of action caused a gradual increase of resistance in pests due to persistent inherited changes in their DNA. This affects the efficiency of growing agricultural plants and pollution of the environment and food. Computational biology methods, which are actively developing all over the world, can help to solve this problem. Despite the fact that in Russia bioinformatics methods are used to study plant genes of animals, metagenomes of microorganisms, there are no own databases and specialized computer applications for such research and pesticide modernization. Development of domestic similar bioinformatics tools is also an urgent task. The article highlights the problem of creating new effective and environmentally friendly pesticides. The methods of bioinformatics that can be used in the research and development of pesticides are given. The stages of creating new pesticides by bioinformatics methods (review of databases, modeling of molecules, modeling of the interaction of a pesticide with a target, prediction of biological activity) are considered. A description is given of the methods for optimizing the molecular framework of pesticides, which is a change in the carbon skeleton in order to search for new active compounds and screen out many similar compounds in the chemical space. Foreign web resources used to assess the presence of pesticidal properties in substances, such as toxicity, metabolism and physico-chemical properties, and their subsequent registration as pesticides are given.

Comparative research on studying the influence of phytobioadditives from natural plant raw materials and with synthetic adaptogen Aurol in complex with arabinogalactan on quail productive indices were carried out. Daily inclusion of bio-additives in the diets of quails, from 5 days to 107 days of age, had a different effect on the safety and their productive performance. The control group received the basic diet, the 1st experimental group – the basic diet with drinking aqueous solution of aurol with arabinogalactan; in the 2nd experimental group 0.1% of bio-additive No. 1 consisting of roseroot powder with arabinogalactan was added to 99.9% of the basic diet; in the 3rd experimental group – 98.4% of the basic diet + 1.6% of bio-additive No. 2 consisting of roseroot powder, pine nut shell and pine needles with arabinogalactan in the first period of growing; in the second period – 98.3% of the basic diet + 1.7% of bio-additive No. 2a. Biochemical composition of blood, muscle tissue of quail carcasses, quail eggs was studied. In the period of quails growing, inclusion of complex bio-additives of plant origin with arabinogalactan No. 1 and No. 2 in the main composition of the diet of experimental groups increased their live weight by 7.6 and 11.1%; average daily gain by 8.6 and 12.4%; slaughter yield of gutted carcass by 0.9 and 1.5%; increased safety by 5.7 and 1.4% compared to the control group. At the beginning of egg production, the best results were with natural complex bio-additives. The laying hens of the 2nd and 3rd experimental groups started egg laying 2 days earlier, they had the highest egg laying intensity (66,98 and 61,67%). In comparison with the control group, a higher average weight of one egg was observed in the 2nd experimental group – by 5.7%, the intensity of oviposition was higher – by 15.0%, egg mass – by 38.9.

The results of approbation of a phytopreparation for prevention and treatment of gastrointestinal disorders in calves are presented. The methodology of preclinical testing of the phytopreparation prototype was in accordance with GOST R 53434-2009 and guidelines for preclinical testing of medicines. Two groups of laboratory animals (mongrel white mice) with 10 rodents in each group aged 2-5 months were formed for preclinical study of the experimental drug according to the principle of analogs. The developed preparation (aqueous extracts of rosehip fruit – surrexit coxis, cherry fruit – cerasis fructus, chamomile flowers – pyrethri flores, amarantus rootstock – amaranthus rhizomatis) was administered to the animals in the experimental group. The dose was 3 ml/day per laboratory animal for 10 days. The feeding ration remained unchanged (grain, vegetables, hay). Positive data on physiological indices (temperature, pulse, respiration, urination, fecal condition, motor activity of animals) were obtained, which corresponded to physiological norms for white mice. The preparation has no toxicity for animal organism (absence of toxic dystrophy in animal organs); radiation level was within the normative value for cesium 137 (440 Bq/kg) and strontium 90 (110 Bq/kg), respectively; Ph was 6.7 units. The phytopreparation is a favorable environment for the gastrointestinal tract of animals and has an antibacterial effect, significantly increases the number of lymphocytes by 23.8%, hematocrit by 8.6%, hemoglobin by 40% (p < 0.01) in the blood of the experimental animals. According to the classification currently adopted by the World Health Organization, the phytopreparation can be attributed to the group of low-toxic substances and according to the degree of toxicity – to the IV class of hazard (substances of low hazard). The drug is recommended for clinical trials on young cattle.

The results of the studies of honey-making lands on forest and non-forest lands of the forest fund of the Kemerovo region are presented. The assessment of honey-making resources by categories of forest lands for honey collection and bioresource potential of lands for honey collection in the process of succession of forest vegetation was carried out. The study of the species composition of honey plants was carried out in 2018–2022 on various categories of lands. The research was carried out in accordance with the generally accepted methods of conducting research in beekeeping. The accounting of honey plants was carried out on transects and discount areas using the methodology of forest taxation. It is established that microclimatic and forest-growing conditions of honey-making lands change during the succession of forest vegetation. Siberian pea-tree, willow family, Tartarian honey-suckle and edible honeysuckle, forest raspberry and the representatives of herbaceous phytocenoses - Siberian garden angelica, rosebay willowherb - are noted on clearings with high honey productivity. Honey productivity of the lands not covered with forest vegetation, on clearings, and in taiga forests is 229.4 kg/ha. The bioresource potential of the lands for honey collection amounted to 68,464 kg on forest lands not covered with forest vegetation within the radius of the apiary on the area of 414 hectares. The honey stock of 88,600 kg makes it possible to keep 738 bee colonies on the registration plot. The obtained reliable scientific information from the practical side is necessary for the adjustment of forest plans of the territories and for the timely planning and organization of the territory of apiaries.

The results of research on the methods of bronchopneumonia treatment of young cattle are presented. It is noted that the disease is associated with the effect of a number of different etiological conditions (lower air temperature, air humidification, and air pollution, etc.) on the animal's body. Bronchopneumonia of calves is registered at livestock complexes in cold and wet seasons as a seasonal disease. In this regard, the development of effective treatment schemes for this pathology is an urgent task. The effectiveness of the use of substitution therapy preparations in the treatment of bronchopneumonia of calves was studied. The study was conducted at a farm in the Altai Territory in the autumn period. For realization of this experiment two equal groups (experimental and control) of 5 calves in each were formed according to the principle of analogies. The treatment regimen for both groups included Resflor and Loxic 2% preparations. Calves of the control group received VitOkey as a substitution therapy, the experimental group – Vitam. Clinical signs and blood morphologic analysis were evaluated during the experiment. Clinical examination of the calves showed the following signs: elevated body temperature, wheezing, coughing, foci of blunting in the lungs in the anterior and posterior lobes, apathy, nasal discharge, loss of appetite, erythropenia (up to (4.6 ± 0.2) × 10¹²/l), leukocytosis (up to (16.5 ± 0.6) × 10⁹/l), increased ECR (up to 1.2 ± 0.1 mm/h), neutrophilic leukocytosis with a leftward shift of the nucleus, and monocytopenia. By the 5th day of treatment, the calves of the experimental group had no pulmonary rales, coughing, and the body temperature was within normal limits. On the 7th day, there was an increase in erythrocytes ((6.4 ± 0.3) × 10¹²/l), a decrease in leukocytes ((10.6 ± 0.3) × 10⁹/l) and ESR (0.4 ± 0.1 mm/h). The use of vitamin-amino acid complex in complex therapy of bronchopneumonia of calves reduces the duration and severity of the course of the disease.

The results of research into genetic methods of breeding agricultural animals with improved characteristics are presented. By now a significant number of animals with an edited genome have been selected. Methods of genome modification in cattle are constantly improving. The approaches of gene editing of bovine embryos, delivery of edited constructs and improvement of embryo survival after introduction of editing systems have been studied. The studies were performed on cattle embryos. BLG and SD209 gene editing systems were developed and validated. Delivery options of the editing system into cattle cells were studied: microinjection into the zygote of plasmid DNA encoded sequence with CRISPR/Cas9 c sgRNA, the method of viral vectors (adeno-associated AAV viruses, serotypes AAV1, AAV2, AAV6, AAV9, AAVDJ), co-injection of plasmid DNA and sperm into the oocyte at the MII stage, and microinjection of Cas9 and guide RNAs. Different techniques for performing microinjections have been investigated and refined, and different preparation of Cas9 RNA and guide RNA mixtures have been tested. Based on these results, the protocol for performing microinjection of the editing system was optimized and a model experiment was performed on 160 oocytes, with 80 cells per each construction. The findings have shown that the efficiency of editing has generally improved. When injected with guide RNA against BLG gene and spCas9 mRNA, 84% of the surviving cells initiated cleavage, blastulation was 20%, and BLG knockout was 69.2%. When injected against the CD209 gene and spCas9 mRNA, 44.4% of the surviving embryos started cleavage, blastulation was 16.7%, with CD209 knockout at 44.4%. The novelty of the work lies in obtaining data on the development of editing systems with specific target genes, in improving the delivery system and cultivation of bovine embryos.

The problem of practical application of weeds in agriculture is considered. Weed flora, just like other vegetation, performs a number of ecological functions and, according to the definition of biogeochemical science, is a phytomass carrying large reserves of biophilic (C, O, N, H, Ca, P, S) and a number of other chemical elements. The function of weed vegetation as a component of ecological stability of agrocenoses remains incompletely studied. In this regard, the article presents data on the results of using weed vegetation in adaptive-biological farming as a green manure fertilizer. Examples of positive effects of weeds on soil fertility and yields of cultivated crops are given.