CELEBRATING THE 300TH ANNIVERSARY OF THE RUSSIAN ACADEMY OF SCIENCES
A brief historical background on the activities of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Agricultural Sciences in 1969–2015 as a center of scientific support of the agro-industrial complex of Siberia is presented: the leading scientists, the structure of the branch, territorial scientific centers, the results of work and achievements of the scientific institutions under the jurisdiction of the branch in the field of economics, farming, crop production, animal husbandry, veterinary medicine, automation, mechanization and electrification of agriculture, processing of agricultural products. The system of scientific personnel training is shown, the main link of which is the Small Agricultural Academy. The main directions of integration of the branch's activities with the research institutions of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences and universities of the region, as well as the directions of international cooperation are listed. The book-publishing activities of the branch, the scientific journal "Siberian Herald of Agricultural Science" and the newspaper "Kolos Sibiri" are described.
PLANT GROWING AND BREEDING
The research of the effectiveness of the obtained fertilizers impact on the sowing characteristics of pumpkin seeds Cucurbita pepo L. was conducted at the Center for Collective Use "Advanced Technologies and Materials" of the Sevastopol State University. The work provides data on the effect of organic fertilizers based on vermicompost and chicken manure on the sowing qualities of pumpkin seeds. A comparative analysis of the energy of germination and laboratory viability of the seeds, root and sprout growth of the agricultural crop Cucurbita pepo L. was carried out. To compare the results obtained, the certified fertilizers “Power of Growth” and “Riverm” based on vermicompost were taken. The optimal concentration of chicken manure was identified with a concentration of 200 mg per 2 liters based on the germination energy, the values were 87% and the viability 95%. Also, the increase in the sprout length for the fertilizer based on chicken manure was 127.7%, which is 15% more than the “Power of Growth” fertilizer. Test samples based on vermicompost gave negative results: root growth – minus 21.9%, negative shoot growth – minus 6.3%. A method for producing new types of organic fertilizers based on chicken manure, based on the cavitation effect, has been described. An assessment of the effectiveness of using fertilizers for an agricultural crop – pumpkin Cucurbita pepo L. has been made.
Productivity reduced by drought is quite common. There can be up to 60.0% of the harvest losses. This is especially true for forage crops. The purpose of the current work was to identify the dependence of productivity and quality of green mass of sorghum crops on moisture availability during a vegetation period of plants. Sudan grass variety Alice, sugar sorghum variety Yuzhnoye, and sorghum-sudangrass hybrid variety Gustolistny were used as research objects. The study was carried out in the Rostov region. The soil of the experimental plot was ordinary carbonate black earth (chernozem). In order to study the variability of productivity and nutritional qualities, the years with the HTC level from 0.34 to 0.88 with an interval of 0.8–1.2 (2018–2022) were taken into account. The trials were conducted according to the methodology of the State Variety Testing. When the HTC increased from 0.34 to 0.88, there was a tendency to improve green mass productivity by 23.3–35.0% and decrease the protein percentage by 41.80–55.54%. A negative relationship between the amount of crude protein and the HTC value was revealed (r = –0.78... –0.92). The digestible protein yield decreased by 22.22–31.03% with increasing moisture content. The largest mean value was identified for the sorghum-sudangrass hybrid with 0.70 t/ha and the sweet sorghum variety with 0.71 t/ha. The variation coefficient of fiber content was 2.16–5.42%, which indicated weak variability of the trait over the years, and, consequently, a weak dependence on the moisture availability rate, which was confirmed by the correlation analysis (r = –0.03...0.32). The largest value of the metabolic energy was found in the sorghum-sudangrass hybrid (10.42–10.80 mJ/kg). At the same time, there was no dependence of this indicator, as well as the amount of feed units, on the moisture availability rate. The highest amount of digestible protein per feed unit was identified in sweet sorghum (83.4 g). A tendency to decrease this indicator by 22.6–42.5% was found as the HTC level increased (r = –0.69...–0.90).
The results of the study of recombinant soybean hybrids in terms of the degree of heterosis effect, phenotypic dominance and transgressive variability in economically valuable traits with the subsequent selection of the most promising hybrid combinations are presented. The study was conducted from 2018 to 2022 in the laboratory of soybean breeding in the conditions of the steppe zone of the Primorsky Territory. Of the ten hybrid combinations obtained, the maximum effect of heterosis in the first generation was observed in the combinations Primorskaya 1385 × Kofu, Primorskaya 1385 × Dong nong 690, Hei He 38 × Taifun. Phenotypic overdominance of inheritance of indicators (from 1.6 to 76.7) was recorded in all hybrids. Transgressive variability of intervarietal soybean hybrids in the second and third generations varied by combination and generation. High values of the degree of transgression in the third generation were observed in the combinations Primorskaya 1385 × Kofu and Hei He 38 × Talppod-Fisk, in terms of the number of seeds per plant – Primorskaya 1385 × Taifun and Kofu × Taifun, in terms of seed weight per plant – Dong nong 690 × Taifun and Hei He 38 × Taifun. A decrease in the frequency of transgression of hybrids by the third generation was found. The highest values of the degree and frequency of transgression in plant height were observed in the hybrid combinations Hei He 38 × Taifun and Hei He 38 × Talppod-Fisk. Based on the results of the study of the promising soybean genotypes, recombinant hybrids with high productivity and 1000-seed weight in the combinations Kyoto × Dong nong 690 and Monsoon × Taifun were isolated. The hybrids tested had different ripeness groups. Not always the manifestation of high effect of heterosis and transgressive variability in the first – third generations serves as a guarantee of further obtaining samples with high economically valuable indicators.
In the conditions of the Arkhangelsk region in the nurseries of the breeding process the study of potato hybrids was carried out and the varieties with high yield, resistance to pathogens and various environmental factors were selected. In 2019, 759 hybrid samples of 9 populations were received from the breeding department of the All-Russian Research Institute of Potato Farming by A.G.Lorh with further study and selection of the best of them in the nurseries of the breeding process: hybrids of the 1st and 2nd year, preliminary and main trials of the 1st year. As a result of research and complex evaluation in the nursery of the main trial of the 1st year in the first dynamic digging (60 days after planting) in the group "medium early" hybrid 2553/1 stood out on the total and marketable yield exceeding the standard variety Kholmogorsky by 2.4 times, in the main harvest – only by 11%. In the group "medium early" in the main harvesting hybrid 2553/4 stood out exceeding the standard variety Elizaveta on the total yield by 7.4 t / ha, on marketable – by 3.2 t / ha. High total and marketable potato yields in the main harvest were obtained in sample 2462/3 (44.3 and 42.5 t/ha, respectively). Observations of potato plants during vegetation periods showed that no clone was affected by rhizoctoniose, microsporiosis and viral diseases. High resistance to late blight of potato hybrids in the first observation period and decrease of its resistance to the end of the vegetation period, before removal of haulm, was also revealed. This is probably due to low air temperature and significant precipitation during this period. Selection samples that showed high productivity and resistance to major diseases will be studied in further breeding process in order to create new varieties for cultivation in the conditions of northern regions of Russia.
The results of the dynamics analysis of multi-year meteorological indicators and study of their influence on the yield of the released oat varieties in different agroclimatic zones of Yakutia are presented. It is shown that in the period from 1960 to 2021 the mean annual air temperature in Central Yakutia (Pokrovsk meteorological station) increased annually by 0.045 °C, from 1999 to 2021 – by 0.088 °C, the number of dry years in June increased from 67 to 92% due to a 21% increase in years with medium (HTC = 0.41-0.60) and very strong (HTC < 0.21) drought. In July, drought was recorded in 50% of the years, in August – in 38%. In all agroclimatic zones in the period from 2014 to 2021 for June – August the average daily air temperature annually increased by 0.16...0.34 °С and their sum by 14...28 °С, with precipitation decreasing by 3-16 mm and HTC value by 0.04-0.12 units. Climate change from 2014 to 2021 was 3 to 8 times more intense than from 1999 to 2022. There was a strong variability of yields of the released oat varieties in each agroclimatic zone: Central – from 0.38 to 2.14 t/ha (V = 60–73%), Zarechnaya – from 0.31 to 3.55 t/ha (V = 41–49%), Srednelenskaya – from 1.51 to 4.66 t/ha (V = 30–36%). The greatest annual decrease in grain yield of oat varieties (by 0.25–0.26 t/ha) was observed in arid agroclimatic zones – Central (Yakutsk SCTS) and Zarechnaya (Megino-Kangalassky SCTS) – compared to the wetter Srednelenskaya zone (Olyokminsky SCTS – by 0.10 t/ha). More significant influence on the yield in the Central and Zarechnaya zones was made by precipitation and HTC of the growing season (r = 0.77...0.84), in the Srednelenskaya zone – by temperature (r = – 0.79). Negative effect of temperature on the yield in the Central zone was observed in June (r = – 0.83), Zarechnaya zone - in July (r = – 0.83), in the Srednelenskaya zone – in August (r = –0.86). Precipitation and HTC had the greatest influence on the yield in the Central zone in June and July (r = 0.56...0.59), Zarechnaya zone – July and August (r = 0.60...0.76). In the Srednelenskaya zone the relationship of the yield with precipitation and HTC in June and July was positive (r = 0.23...0.37), in August – negative (r = – 0.57...– 0.71). Significant variability in grain yields of the released oat varieties indicates the variability of weather conditions and the need to cultivate oat varieties that provide a more stable yield in different agroclimatic zones of Yakutia.
As a result of the conducted study, it was found that the combinations of crosses 16-20, 22-20 and 24-20 with dominance in F1, transgression in F2 on biologically valuable traits in selective respect in F3 confirm their correlation relationship and differ in the type of utilization. The 16-202c hybrids are seed oriented due to high plant survival rate and high number of beans on the main raceme. The material of hybrids 16-204v, 22-202c, 24-202c is universal, characterized by high productivity, which is confirmed by the correlation with the number of seeds and their weight (by grain), with the height of the remaining plants to harvesting, the number of beans on them and lateral branching (by herbage). The analysis of pairing of economically useful traits on seed productivity revealed a positive relationship between the number and weight of seeds from the main inflorescence in combinations 5-202c (r = 0.74 and 0.82), 22-20 (r = 0.89 and 0.92), 24-20 (r = 0.80 and 0.71), 30-20 (r = 0.94 and 0.93) and others. High correlation was found between the grain yield and the number of surviving plants to harvest in hybrids 5-202c (r = 0.92), 30-202c (r = 0.83), 6-202d (r = 0.73), 22-20 (r = 0.79), 24-20 (r = 0.80). Regardless of the combination of crosses, the number and weight of seeds from the main inflorescence with the correlation coefficient from 0.71 to 0.93 have a strong positive effect on the seed productivity of most hybrids. A positive effect was obtained from the number of beans from the main raceme in combinations 17-202c (r = 0.90), 25-202c (r = 0.81), 24-20 (r = 0.77), and 5-202c (r = 0.90). The herbage yield of yellow lupine was influenced by the plant height (r = 0.61–0.93), the number of surviving plants to harvest (r = 0.51–0.95), the presence of lateral shoots with beans (r = 0.54–0.63) in hybrids 5-202c, 16-202c, 22-202c, 24-202c and others.
PLANT PROTECTION
The results of a three-year (2020–2022) study of the efficacy of the modern fungicide Ace, CSC of Russian production (pyraclostrobin - 80 g/l + prothioconazole - 40 g/l + tebuconazole - 160 g/l) against the pathogen of barley net blotch are presented. Barley is an important food, feed and fodder grain crop, ranking fourth in the world in terms of area planted and gross yields after wheat, rice and corn. Net blotch is the dominant disease in the pathocomplex of barley leaf diseases worldwide. One of the most effective ways of plant protection in the world practice is the use of highly effective fungicides. The experiment was conducted under field stationary conditions. In the control (no treatment with the drug), the development of net blotch was 64.4; 86.7 and 49.2% in 2020, 2021 and 2022, respectively. The biological efficacy of Ace fungicide, CSC against Pyrenophora teres Drechsler at the application rate of 1.0 l/ha was 98.4% in 2020, 89.4% in 2021 and 93.9% in 2022 on high background of disease development, which is comparable to known imported benchmarks. Protection of winter barley crops of the Romance variety with Ace fungicide, SCS provided grain yield increases of 10.6; 18.5 and 17.9% in 2020, 2021 and 2022, respectively. This fungicide is recommended for protection of winter barley against the pathogen of net blotch.
Technical and economic efficiency of Pilot herbicide when applied on green leaf in narrow-leafed lupine crops was studied. The research was conducted in field and plot experiments according to the generally accepted methods in the southwestern part of the Non-Chernozem zone of Russia. The soil of the experimental field was gray forest light loamy in mechanical composition. The following application rates of the preparation were used: 1.5, 2.0 and 2.5 l/ha in the phase of appearance of two true leaves in lupine. The following plants showed high sensitivity even at the minimum application rate: cleavers (Galium aparine L.), wild buckwheat (Fallopia convolvulus L.), lamb's-quarters (Chenopodium album L.), one of the types of hemp nettle (Galeopsis sp. L.), shepherd's purse (Capsella bursa pastoris L. Medik), field violet (Viola arvensis Murr.), chickweed (Stellaria media L.). Application of GalactAlt graminicide (application rate 1.0 l/ha) after treatment of narrow-leafed lupine crops with Pilot herbicide promoted almost complete destruction of annual grass weeds. Application of Pilot herbicide had a favorable effect on nitrogen content in both dry aboveground mass and root mass of lupine. Reduction of weediness of crops when using Pilot contributed to the increase in lupine yield. In the variant with the application of 1.5 l/ha of the herbicide, the average yield of narrow-leafed lupine seeds exceeded the control by 0.53 t/ha in three years of the trials. The highest increase in seed yield of narrow-leafed lupine (0.96 t/ha) was observed in the variant that involved the application of herbicide Pilot at a concentration of 1.5 l/ha in the phase of one or two true leaves in lupine and herbicide GalactAlt at a concentration of 1.0 l/ha in the phase of lupine budding. Chemical analyses showed an increase in crude protein content in narrow-leafed lupine seeds by 2.3–4.2% when the crops were treated with Pilot herbicide compared to the control variant, where the treatment was not carried out.
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