The results of domestic tomato varieties testing with application of growth biostimulant on plant productivity in open ground conditions of the Tersko-Sulak subprovince of Dagestan are presented. The purpose of the research was to study new domestic tomato varieties of the Federal Research Center for Vegetable Growing (FRC VG) selection and to assess the economic efficiency of the application of biopreparation Relict R (liquid). New domestic tomato varieties, bred by scientists-breeders of the Federal Research Center for Vegetable Growing for risky farming zones, in the conditions of southern Russia have shown quite high results on the main economically valuable indicators. Relict R, a preparation based on salts of humic and fulvic acids with growth-stimulating, adaptogenic and protective properties for a wide range of crops, was applied at the plantings. The preparation was developed at the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences. The manufacturing company was OOO RPE “Genesis” (Russia). Tomatoes were grown according to generally accepted technology under open ground conditions. All varieties were early maturing with a growing season duration of 93–110 days.  Voskhod VNIISSOK, Blagodatny and Sodruzhestvo varieties showed the best yields (85.3; 83.6 and 78.2 t/ha). All varieties were also distinguished by high early yields (24.2–42.5 t/ha). Dry matter content ranged from 4.1 to 6.9%. The best varieties were Viking, Sodruzhestvo, and Blagodatny, with indexes of 15.2; 13.1; and 8.2, respectively. The ascorbic acid content ranged from 24.85 to 45.20mg%. The Viking variety was distinguished by high content of vitamin C (45.20mg%), as well as vitamins B1, B2, B6, B5 (0.074; 0.058; 0.083; 0.258 mg%). The Magnat variety stood out for the highest content of vitamin B3 (0.511 mg%). Application of the biopreparation significantly increased the yield compared to the control (by 4.1 t/ha), it was higher than the planned yield (80 t/ha). Tomato yield when using Relict R was 85.3 t/ha. The use of biopreparation provided a high positive economic effect – net income and profitability level were higher when using Relict R and amounted to 3928.5 thousand rubles/ha and 12%, respectively. According to the results of the research it is recommended to use humic preparation Relict R (liquid) on tomatoes to increase yield and quality indicators in the conditions of the south of the country.

The results of research on the development of a middle-early variety of soft spring wheat with improved yield parameters, tolerance to early summer drought, low susceptibility to diseases and pests, intended for cultivation in the Altai Territory and adjacent regions of Siberia are presented. The variety Speaker was created as a result of intervarietal hybridization (Ershovskaya 33/Omskaya 36) followed by two-fold individual selection in split generations. Speaker belongs to the middle-early group of genotypes with a vegetation period of 79 days. The new variety forms a medium-sized pyramidal awnless plain spikelet of white color and large red grain. The variety is medium-grown, has a rather strong, partially solid straw with resistance to lodging at the level of the standard. In the competitive variety trial Speaker significantly exceeded the yield of the standard Altayskaya 70 by 0.67 t/ha (21.4%) and the best released variety Omskaya 36 by 0.60 t/ha (18.8%). The high ecological plasticity of the new variety is confirmed by the relative stability of the yield over the years of research, as well as by the results of testing in various locations in the Siberian region, where the average gain to the standard varieties amounted to 1.48 t/ha (30%). The advantage in grain productivity of the new variety is formed due to better preservation of plants for harvesting (+0.42 t/ha, or 62.7% of the total increase) and higher grain weight per plant due to better developed tillering shoots (+0.22 t/ha, 32.8% of the total increase). According to the complex of grain quality traits, Speaker meets the requirements for valuable wheat. The variety is immune to local populations of pathogenic powdery mildew and loose smut fungi, weakly susceptible to brown rust and moderately susceptible to stem rust. Against the background of intensive manifestation of leaf-stalk diseases, it exceeds the yield of susceptible control varieties by 45–53%. The Speaker was included in the State Register of Breeding Achievements for the West Siberian region in 2023.

The article presents the results of the analysis of biochemical composition of new varieties and promising lines of spring barley isolated in the competitive variety trial, studied in the experimental field of the Povolzhsky Scientific Research Institute of Selection and Seed Growing named after P.N. Konstantinov in 2020–2022. As a result of the study, a group of high-yielding and high-protein barley with improved fodder value was identified: three varieties, one of which is on the State Variety Trial, and four promising lines. The range of variation of the protein content in grain in these varieties and lines was from 11.2 to 13.5%, lysine – from 0.3 to 0.4%, weight of 1000 grains – from 39 to 47 g. In the conditions of the forest-steppe zone of the Middle Volga region in dry years, barley varieties and promising lines had the maximum indices of protein (14.1%) and essential amino acid lysine (0.4%). According to the data obtained, the highest protein content was observed in the promising line Submedicum 2338/01: an average of 13.5%, an increase of 11% in relation to the standard variety Berkut. The maximum protein harvest averaged 4.4 c/ha, lysine – 0.12 c/ha with an average yield of 34.0 c/ ha. The above-mentioned indicators were recorded in the new variety Povolzhsky Priz. The promising line Nutans 2294/01 was more productive in terms of yield (35.5 c/ha), but was inferior to the new variety in terms of protein and lysine content in grain, although it exceeded the standard in terms of protein yield per 1 ha by 19%, lysine – by 20%. When evaluating the parameters of the natural weight and 1000 grain weight in the studied samples, the new variety Povolzhsky Yantar and the promising line Submedicum 2352/06 stood out: their average natural weight over the years of study amounted to 669 and 666 g/l, respectively, with the weight of 1000 grains 46–47 g. The selected lines and new varieties, regardless of weather conditions, were able to provide high-protein grain for fodder purposes, while maintaining good yields.

The results of studying the correlation between the yield and its structural elements in the varieties of diploid and tetraploid winter rye under the conditions of the West Siberian region are presented. The research was conducted in the Novosibirsk region from 2019 to 2021. A total of 28 varieties of diploid (2n) and tetraploid (4n) winter rye of different ecological and geographical origin were studied. As a result of the variance analysis of the data, a reliable (p < 0.05) effect of the growing conditions (22.2%) and varietal characteristics (31.8%), as well as the interaction between the variety and the ploidy level (18.2%) on winter rye yield was determined. A set of tetraploid winter rye varieties was more yielding (626.3 g/m²) in comparison with diploid varieties, which had high trait indices. In tetraploid rye varieties, ear length was 12.0–13.3 cm, 1000 grain weight was 50.1–53.0 g, grain weight per ear was 2.18–2.79 g and per plant was 7.17–8.70 g. A set of diploid rye varieties had lower yields (565.0 g/m²), while they had higher yield structure traits: productive bushiness – 3.8–4.3 pieces, ear grain content – 81.1–89.1%, number of grains per ear – 55.0–56.9 pieces. Taking into account all the above-mentioned data of the diploid and tetraploid rye structural components diversity, correlation analysis showed that the main contribution to the increase in yield in the conditions of the West Siberian region is made by productive bushiness (r – from 0.59 to 0.78), number of spikelets per ear (r – from 0.54 to 0.70) and grain weight per plant (r = 0.79). In breeding work selection of seed parents and selection of high-yielding samples of winter rye collection of different ploidy levels should be carried out according to these elements of productivity.

More than 150 species of weeds grow in agrophytocenoses of field crops in the western part of the steppe zone of the Krasnodar Territory, of which only 38 are active to one degree or another in the cenoflora of agrophytocenoses. It has been revealed that 9 species showed the greatest activity, the indicators of their demands on the heat factor (the sum of active temperatures above +5 ° C = 1366– 3536) were closest to the indicators of heat supply in the survey area (3400–3800 °C). They clogged the crops of all examined field crops (sunflower, corn, winter wheat, oats, soybeans, alfalfa, potatoes): Ambrosia artemisiifolia L., Convolvulus arvensis L., Cirsium setosum (Willd.) Bess., Amaranthus retroflexus L., Chenopodium album L., Echinochloa crusgalli (L.) Beauv., Abutilon theophrastii Medik., Persicaria maculosa S.F. Gray, Lactuca serriola L. Less active were the species, which optimal level of requirement for heat factor (the sum of active temperatures above +5 °C = 1152–2078) was noticeably lower than in the species of the previous group: Lactuca tatarica (L.) C.A. Mey., Descurainia sophia (L.) Webb. ex Prantl, Sinapis arvensis L., Amaranthus blitoides S. Watson., Taraxacum officinale Wigg., Portulaca oleraceae L. Agrophytocenoses of all field crops included 19 more, mainly quite active and low-active species. The limits of the optimal requirements of these species to the heat factor in the zone of harmfulness (the sum of active temperatures above +5 °C = 953–2107) are significantly lower than those of the species in the first and second groups, and differ more significantly from the indicators of heat supply of the examination zone. The revealed ratio of species of different activity will be maintained provided that the weather and climatic conditions in the study area are preserved, as well as maintaining the current level of technology for cultivating field crops, and will amount as the content of a long-term regional forecast, including the above-mentioned species that will most actively have a harmful effect on the growth and development of the cultivated plants. 

Analysis of production utilization of cows of the Red breeds of cattle in the Russian Federation and regions of their breeding for 2020–2022 has been carried out. Red Steppe breed, Red Gorbatov, Danish Red, Red Estonian, Swedish Red and Suksun breeds were the object of the study. In the farms of all categories and pedigree reproducers among the Red dairy breeds, the earliest age of first calving was reached by the animals of the Danish Red and Swedish Red breeds, later – by the Estonian Red breed, the minimum values of which occurred in 2021 (999 days). The increase in the age of first calving in the period between 2020 and 2022 for the Red Gorbatov breed by 127 days, Danish Red by 46 days and Swedish Red by 55 days is of concern. The Suksun, Red Gorbatov and Swedish Red breeds showed an increase in the age of retirement by 0.92; 1.16 and 0.50 of the calving. It decreased by 0.45–0.60 of the calving in the Danish Red and Estonian Red breeds. The analysis of the service period duration shows that cows of all the breeds had its level above 100 days, with the exception of 2021 for the Swedish Red breed (95 days). In all the Red "root" breeds, the duration from calving to fruitful insemination increased from 2020 to 2022. The greatest increase is observed in the Red Estonian cows (26 days) and Red Gorbatov cows (51 days). A significant increase (by 11 cows) in calf yield from 100 cows of the Danish Red breed in the breeding reproducers should be noted. There was an increase in the age of cow retirement per calving and calf yield by 6.7 calves from every 100 cows in all farm categories in the Suksun breed. Calf yield per 100 cows increased by 9 calves and in the animals of the Swedish Red breed.

Mass gastrointestinal diseases of newborn calves manifested by symptoms of diarrhea are caused by various etiological factors and most often occur in the form of mixed infections. Mixed infections have a more severe diarrhea than mono-infections. The economic consequences of such infections due 

to the high prevalence, frequent mortality and loss of productivity during further exploitation of the animal can be significant. The most common causative agents of gastrointestinal diseases of newborn calves of viral etiology is rotavirus and coronavirus infections. Mixed (viral-bacterial) infection can lead to 100% mortality of the diseased calves. Specific vaccination of springer cows against gastrointestinal pathogens in calves, which is performed to increase the number of pathogen-specific immunoglobulins in the colostrum at calf birth, and ingestion of colostrum by the calves during the first 4 hours of life are the most important strategies to prevent severe diarrhea.  But as practice shows, this is not always enough. The purpose of this work was to study the effectiveness of immunoprophylaxis of associative infections of the gastrointestinal tract of newborn calves with the use of melange prepared from chicken eggs previously immunized with the vaccine "Rotagal" (Pharmagal-BIO s.r.o., Slovakia), used for the prevention of colibacillosis, rotavirus and coronavirus infections of cattle. As a result of the study, it was established that the addition of yolk melange rich in specific immunoglobulins of Y class to the colostrum in the first hours of life of the calves has a pronounced prophylactic effect, facilitates the course of the infectious process in case of the disease, saves costs for the treatment of sick animals, increases survival rate, contributes to the acceleration of live weight gain. The use of an immunobiological preparation based on transovarial immunoglobulins has a positive effect on the indicators of nonspecific resistance of newborn calves compared to the calves with early postnatal disease and antibiotic treatment.

Currently, one of the most relevant areas of scientific research in the livestock industry is the identification of certain genes that affect the productive and reproductive qualities of cattle by early animal testing using erythrocyte antigens as polymorphic markers. The influence of immunogenetic factors on the reproductive ability and productive longevity of Red-and-White cows has been studied in this work. A database was formed in the farm of the Krasnoyarsk Territory using the program "Selax" to conduct research. This program includes information on the productive longevity, milk production and reproductive performance of 305 cows retired from the herd from 2019 to 2022 with blood group immunogenetic testing results. The influence of the composition and occurrence of the antigens with a sample frequency of 0.3 or more on the reproductive performance of cows, lifetime milk production and longevity was analyzed. Cows were divided into carriers and non-carriers of each antigen. As a result, it was found that the earliest age of the first calving was observed in the cows carrying antigens Y` and E (–0.9 and –0.8 months), and the shortest service period was in the carriers of antigen P`₂ (–15.7 days). The longest period of economic use was noted in the cows carrying antigens V and O` (+5.9 months), the highest lifetime yield was in the carriers of antigens V and W (+6036 and +4142 kg). The share of the effect of these antigens was 1,3–4,3%. It is necessary to take into account the influence of the antigenic composition of blood groups when carrying out breeding work to increase the period of economic use of Red-and-White cows and improve their reproductive ability.

The results of the research conducted to establish the effect of different schemes of Lamarin Saldonum bio supplement application on the organism of high-yielding cows during days in milk are presented. Scientific and economic experience was carried out on the basis of a breeding farm located in the Kotelnichsky district of the Kirov region. For the experiment, three experimental groups of cows (n = 10) receiving Lamarin Saldonum supplement at a dose of 0.4 g/kg live weight per day for 60 days were formed. In group 1 (scheme 1) feeding of the supplement was started 30 days before the expected calving date, in group 2 (scheme 2) – 60 days, in group 3 (scheme 3) – on the day of calving. Morphological and biochemical indices of their blood were used to evaluate the effect of different schemes of phyto supplement application on the organism of the animals. Blood sampling was performed twice: 30 and 60 days after the calving. It was found in the course of the research that the most optimal way to preserve the health of cows during the days in milk is to start feeding the studied supplement 30 days before the expected calving (scheme 1). This scheme of application has a favorable effect on the organism of the animals during days in milk, as evidenced by a higher hemoglobin content compared to the 2nd experimental group (an excess of 13.81%, p < 0.05), a significantly higher level of total protein (by 7.92 and 16.62%), globulins (by 20.09 and 43.88%), glucose (by 70.06 and 86.84%), calcium (by 13.90 and 23.43%) in the first month of lactation in comparison with the 2nd and 3rd groups, decrease of urea (by 39.45 and 58.70%) and phosphorus (by 50.84 and 66.59%), as well as alanine aminotransferase (by 22.15%) in comparison with the 3rd group in the same period.

Due to the rapidly growing antibiotic resistance of microorganisms and the increasing prevalence of viral diseases, special attention is paid to the creation of new effective drugs. Nanosilver preparations have long been studied and used as antimicrobial and antiviral agents. Antiviral agents with virocidal activity act directly on viral particles destroying viral membranes upon contact or by binding to viral capsid proteins. The biological activity of silver preparations in the form of nanoparticles (Argovit) and organic molecules (Argosil) was studied on an organismal model of Newcastle disease infection in laboratory animals. ICR mice (weight 15–23 g, water consumption 6–7 ml/animal, age 2 months) were used in the experiment. To model the development of infection caused by the Newcastle disease pathogen, mice were infected with Newcastle disease virus with the La Sota strain vaccine. The vaccine was administered once intranasally individually at a dose of 20 μl/animal (20 doses). To determine the biological activity of the drugs, histological studies were used using standard methods, as well as analysis of changes in viral load using real-time RT-PCR in ICR mice infected with Newcastle virus. The absence of genomic RNA of the Newcastle disease virus was found in the lungs of the animals treated with Argosil and Argovit-Maxi. There were less pronounced inflammatory changes in the lung tissues in mice of the experimental groups, compared to animals in the control group. The use of virocidal agents based on nano- and organic silver in the period preceding the formation of postvaccinal immunity in terms of pharmacoprophylaxis of Newcastle disease seems promising.

The change of physical and mechanical properties of soil depending on the methods of its cultivation has been studied. The experiments were carried out in the Novosibirsk region from April to September 2023. To study the structure of the soil, a soil section was made to a depth of 0.7 meters. It was determined that the soil at the experiment plots was gray forest, the thickness of the turf layer was on average 10 cm, the depth of the humus horizon 25–27 cm, a layer of sandy loam was observed under the humus layer. Fallow land cultivation was carried out by the tillage combine AKP-2.5N with MTР-80L tractor and the working width of 1.8 meters. The working body of the AKP-2.5N was made in a form of a straight rack with a blade measuring 410 mm, in addition, a small screen was installed on the rack. The unit provides for the installation of the rollers with a size of 600 mm. To determine the operating modes of the unit, studies were carried out in the soil channel. It was found that the operating speed of the unit with installed screen should be no more than 2.22 m/s or 8 km/h. The conditions of the experiment: gray forest soil, air temperature not lower than 10 ⁰C; air humidity no more than 70%; relative humidity of at least 18%, wind speed not higher than 2 m/s; the average length of the rut is not less than 70 m and without stones on the field. It has been concluded that the most rational way to introduce fallow gray forest soils into agricultural circulation is to treat them with AKP-2.5N units with working bodies equipped with blades. After three treatments, the content of soil particles less than 10 mm is up to 93.1%, the soil absorbs moisture faster and reduces the hardness to 15 kg/cm², which corresponds to the hardness of the soil of the field in rotation. Equations of regularity of changes in the fractional composition of soil with a size of less than 10 mm and more than 50 mm depending on the timing and number of treatments have been obtained.

Analysis of the directions of scientific research in the field of agriculture related to the prevailing modern paradigm is presented. Based on the theory of T. Kuhn, the concept of "paradigm" is described, which, according to the scientist's ideas, forms the worldview of researchers in a certain subject area and serves as the basis for choosing approaches and methods of scientific research in any scientific discipline. The methodological foundations of the study of farming systems are shown, and the dependence of agronomic research on logical positivism and instrumentalism with a reductionist approach is emphasized. The application of systematic thinking in the development of research programs in the field of farming, analysis and interpretation of the results of field experiments, including the use of artificial intelligence is substantiated. The need to develop research on the geography of farming systems and their scaling in space and time through the formation of archetypes based on the results of field experiments of scientific and educational institutions obtained on "small plots" is emphasized. In order to develop approaches to scaling the archetypes of farming systems, it is proposed to use the concept of "geons" as one of the promising trends in geoinformatics, as well as remote sensing materials. Increasing biodiversity, in particular diversification, may be one of the main approaches to overcome the negative impacts of chemical-technogenic intensification on nature. Strategies for diversifying cropping systems are implemented through crop rotations, associated plant species (cover crops, trap crops, repellent crops, buffer crops), mixture of varieties and crops, agroforestry and formation of agro-landscape heterogeneity. As part of the adaptation of farming systems to potential climate change, it is useful to integrate knowledge from quantitative climate models and farming system archetype models for use in digital farming management systems "on the ground". Efforts should be directed towards the development of simulation modeling. Mechanistic models of crop production process developed for a homogeneous unit at a particular point in space need to be scaled for different environmental scenarios.