No 2 (2015)
AGRICULTURE AND CHEMICALIZATION
5-12 130
Abstract
Based on studying general-technical, agrochemical and chemical properties of peats and on choosing significant parameters, the classification of peats was developed to be efficiently used in agriculture. It is shown that the parameters of peats differ within not only types but also species. The conditions and depth of peat deposits also influence the chemical composition of peats, intensifying or changing the direction of biochemical processes. For the purpose of classification, 142 peat samples were selected, and they received the chemical analysis. Each peat species as to the botanical composition was presented by 6 to 12 samples. The composition of organic matter of West Siberian peats was analyzed, and their particularities were determined. Based on the correlation analysis has been revealed that the significant parameters of the organic composition of peats studied are total humic acids (HA), lipids, C/N ratio, and carbohydrates. This allows considering them as possible parameters of the agrochemical classification of peats. In order to develop the classification of peats, the systems method was used based on the analysis of holistic integrative characteristics of an object, detection of the object’s various relationships and their structure. The correctness of the chosen parameters for the classification of peats was evaluated by the factor analysis. The basic parameters of peat categorizations for agricultural purposes were found to be 1) total HA, and 2) pH. For fen peats, the categorization has been supplemented with the following parameters: ash content, and contents of oxides Fe2O3, SO3, P2O5 and CaO in ash.
13-21 589
Abstract
Results are given from long-term field studies of temperature regime of drained peat soils of Northern Trans-Ural region. It is shown that the maximum temperature of the peat soil’s arable layer is observed in July, and reaches 18.2-19.7°C. The strong relationship between air and soil temperatures during the growing season was found in the 0.2 m layer (r = 0.49-0.67). The temperature regime of subsurface is increasingly dependent on winter cold reserves. The transition of peat soil temperature in the arable layer across 5°C takes place in the first ten-day period, and across 10°C in the third ten-day period of May. The length of 5°C temperature period in the 0.2 m layer of peat soil is 10-12 days shorter than that of gray forest soil, and 13-15 days shorter than that in the 0.4 m layer. The active temperatures period in the arable layer makes up 120-135 days, and 96-127 days at the depth of 0.4 m. At the depth of 1 m, the transition of temperature across 10°C does not occur. The average annual sum of effective temperatures in the arable layer is 2187.4. The transition of peat soil temperature in the arable layer across 0°C was observed in the first and second ten-day periods of December that is 10-20 days later than in the zone of gray forest soil. The lowest temperature in the peat soil’s arable layer of - 9.5°C was observed in February 2012. The maximum depth of frost penetration in peat soil of 0.45-0.65 m is reached by the beginning of snow melting (late March to early April), and considerably depends on pre-winter humidity (r = 0.70-0.75), air temperature (r = 0.77-0.83), snow depth (r = 0.69-0.75), and field surface conditions.
PLANT GROWING AND BREEDING
22-28 153
Abstract
There were studied peculiarities of the phenotypic manifestation of Fusarium blight in shallot bulbs under conditions of warm storage. Investigations were carried out at the Siberian Research Institute of Plant Production and Breeding, Novosibirsk, in 2010-2012. For the first time was found that the symptoms of the disease were manifested more often on the neck of the bulb and occasionally on the bottom and the middle part in the form of light plaque and sporodochium. The development of Fusarium infection in the one third of cases was not associated with darkening of the bulb stem. When shallot was jointly colonized with the Fusarium blight and bacterial rot pathogens, and onion mites Rhizoglyphus echinopus, the signs of mycological affection were observed to hide that had a negative impact on the reliability of visual diagnosis of Fusarium blight. For the first time is shown that the Fusarium blight and gray rot pathogens in shallot are competitive species confirming the principle of competitive exclusion. The joint infection of bulbs with these pathogens results in the separation of their ecological niches.
28-33 240
Abstract
The primary root system in spring soft wheat varieties differing in a year of seed reproduction, maturity, and drought resistance was studied in the steppe zone of Altai Territory. A field experiment was conducted in 2010-2012. The object of research included 12 cultivars of spring soft wheat. It has been found that the variety factor accounts for 45% of the total variation in primary root length, the year factor 21%, and year-variety relationship is statistically insignificant. The medium-late varieties are characterized by the well-developed primary root system. The drought-resistant genotypes have the largest number of primary roots. No significant correlation between thousand-kernel weight and the number and length of primary roots was found. The length and the number of primary roots in spring soft wheat considerably depend on weather conditions, when grain formation takes place. The seeds derived from plants subjected to droughts in the second half of growing period form a short primary root system as compared with plants, grain formation of which occurs in moisture abundance. The varieties with prolonged ontogenesis have the well-developed primary root system. The drought-resistant genotypes germinate with the larger number of primary roots than nonresistant ones do, but catch up with them as to the total length in 7 days.
MECHANISATION, AUTOMATION, MODELLING AND DATAWARE
96-103 155
Abstract
There are given patterns of changes in the amplitude-frequency characteristic of a laboratory model of tillage machine equipped with the inertial vibration exciter of the planetary type. Structure of the laboratory model allows changing its mass, the magnitude of driving force of the vibration exciter, and the frequency of its action. The analysis of experimental data is presented in the form of the regression equation describing the vertical vibration amplitude of the laboratory model depending on its own mass, mass of the runner, and the rotor speed of the vibration exciter. The chosen factors are important, and have a significant impact on the response function. It was experimentally established that the increase in vibration amplitude occurs with the increased rotor speed of vibration exciter and weight of the runner. The increase in the weight of laboratory model results in the decreased vibration amplitude. There is described the dependence of vertical vibration amplitude of the model on the structure of ballast simulating working tools of the subsoiler. It has been established that the most efficient way is to place the center of mass of the mounted vibration machine close to the tractor by installing the larger number of working tools in the first row. The results obtained allowed us to substantiate design parameters, and to calculate the vertical vibration amplitude of the experimental vibration subsoiler equipped with the inertial vibration exciter of the planetary type.
ANIMAL HUSBANDRY ABD VETERINARY SCIENCE
76-84 336
Abstract
Materials are given from a study of the liveweight dynamics in European red deer kept on artificial pastures in the park; characteristic of their velvet antlers is presented. The live weight of a young deer at birth made up 9.2-11.6 kg, at weaning at the age of 6 months 63.1-66.6 kg; the live weight of a year-old female was 65.7 kg, that of male 76.8 kg, at the age of 6 years and older 117.1 and 276.5, respectively. Velvet antlers in both adult deer and young deer with their first antlers have a crown with six processes. The weight of antlers depends on antler cut time and an age of a deer: it made up 5.2 ±1.3 kg in red deer stags, 2.9 ± 0.6 in young deer with their first antlers fluctuating from 3.1 to 7.3 and from 2.2 to 3.8 kg, respectively. Antlers of red deer stags have ash content of 35.4 ± 2.3%, mass antler protein share of 57.0 ± 3.4%, fat content 2.33 ± 0.4%; those of young deer with their first antlers 42.2 ± 0.9%, 52.9 ± 2.8%, and 1.77 ± 0.2%, respectively. The amino acid and mineral composition of antlers is given. The biological activity of antlers ranges from 22.4% in red deer stags to 25.6% in young deer with their first antlers. There was studied the biochemical composition of antlers and biological activity depending on an age and origin of a deer as well as on its weight and a degree of antler development. Criteria of readiness for antler cut were found.
90-95 139
Abstract
Results are given from a study of pharmacological properties of the feed additive Zeodo at the experimental mycotoxicosis in chickens. It has been established that the application of the feed additive Zeodo contributes to liveweight gains by 7.3% in chickens fed with slightly toxic feeds and single primer of mycotoxins mixture. It has been concluded that Zeodo decreases the synergetic effect of mycotoxins, and possesses a preventive action against mycotoxicoses. The pharmacological properties of Zeodo were studied, and tests of various schemes of its application were conducted. It was found that a feed mixture consisting of 70% of PK-2 combined feed and 30% of slightly toxic combined feed, received from a poultry factory, with 10% of the feed additive Zeodo to the mass of feed mixture had a positive impact on liveweight gains in chickens. The liveweight gains in the group of chickens fed with this mixture was 7.1% higher than those in the control group, 7.3% higher than those in the group without feed additive, and 14.7% higher than those in the group, where mycosorb was added to feed mixture. The tests of the 10% feed additive Zeodo, added to the mass of combined feeds, were carried out on chickens at 21 days of age during 27 days by single introduction of toxins mixture, not exceeding critical concentrations, to their craws. The tests showed the liveweight gains in the group, where Zeodo was used.
I. YU. Klemeshova,
Z. N. Alexeyeva,
V. A. Reymer,
A. YU. Gavrilenko,
E. V. Shmakova,
V. P. Chebakov,
A. N. Shvydkov
85-89 149
Abstract
The effect of 0.3% lactic acid supplement on the growth and safety of broiler chickens was evaluated depending on the diet pattern used. It has been found that the effectiveness of the action of this probiotic is influenced by the volumes of feeds of animal origin and vegetable oil. It has been revealed that the action of lactic acid supplement against the background of high-protein diet results in decreasing production performance of birds. As compared with the control group of animals not fed with animal feeds, the average live weight of experimental broiler chickens at the end of the experiment was lower by 183.1 g. In the absence of feeds of animal origin and the lesser content of vegetable oil, there was observed the higher average live weight of young birds as compared with the broilers raised on high-protein diets. It is supposed that as a result of balancing a high-protein diet by adding vegetable oil, a share of linolenic acid increases. Considering that probiotics also produce fatty acids in the organism, it can be supposed that the total effect of fatty acids sets conditions for such an environment in the gastrointestinal tract of birds, which inhibits the enzymatic processes.
FODDER PRODUCTION
34-41 204
Abstract
There are given experimental data on studying the effect of crop cultivation methods on productivity of maize hybrids differing in early maturity, when grown for green mass and silage as well as for grain forage. Investigations were carried out in 2012-2014 under conditions of the northern forest-steppe zone of Western Siberia, using the experimental facilities of the Siberian Research Institute of Fodder Crops. The following hybrids were studied: early-ripening Obskiy 140 SV and three hybrids bred at the Breeding and Seed Production Farm “KOS-MAIS”, medium-early Kubanskiy 247 MV, mid-ripening Kubanskiy 390 MV, and medium-late Kubanskiy 500 SV. It was established that conducting of cultivation techniques contributed to the considerable reduction in infestation of hybrid crops. On the average for 2012-2014, the effect of preemergence and postemergence harrowings displayed in reducing dry mass of weeds by 12-23%; the effect of a complex of cultivation techniques consisting of two harrowings and two inter-row tillages was in 2.2-2.6 time reduction of dry mass of weeds. The maximum productivity irrespective of cultivation techniques was shown by the medium-early hybrid Kubanskiy 247 MV. The mid-ripening hybrid Kubanskiy 390 MV provided productivity characteristics similar to Kubanskiy 247 MV. The minimal productivity was observed in the early-ripening hybrid Obskiy 140 SV, but it had the maximum content of abslutely dry matter in green mass of 27.8% among the hybrids studied that was good for ensilage. The least positive effect from cultivation techniques conducted was on the crops of the hybrid Obskiy 140 SV. The medium-late hybrid Kubanskiy 500 SV showed productivity results similar to Obskiy 140 SV in the variants with a complex of cultivation techniques. At the same time, this hybrid demonstrated the maximal positive effect from conducting cultivation techniques as compared with the hybrids studied.
41-48 333
Abstract
Results are given from investigations on studying the effect of seeding methods, dates and seed rates on productivity and seed qualities of spring rape varieties SibNIIK 198 and SibNIIK 21 cultivated under conditions of the forest-steppe zone of Western Siberia. The impact of seeder’s planting units of various types on yields and qualitative characteristics of seeds is shown. Correlations between basic productivity indices of plants and yield formation parameters (variety, moistening conditions, soil humidity, yield structure) have been found. The impact of technological parameters, weather conditions during the growing period and a variety on qualitative characteristics of seeds has been revealed. The maximum seed productivity in the early-ripening spring rape variety SibNIIK 198 (2.10-2.87 tonnes per ha) is formed, when sown from 10 to 20 May, in the mid-ripening SibNIIK 21 (2.46-2.79 tonnes per ha) from 20 to 30 May. The best seeding method for SibNIIK 198 grown for seeds is wide-row sowing by 60 cm, for SibNIIK 21 drilled sowing. The optimum seed rate for SibNIIK 198 is 2-2.5 millions per ha, for SibNIIK 21 is 2.5 millions per ha. The best seeding method has been pneumatic, which provided the seed yields for 2011-2013 of up to 1.5 and 1.63 tonnes per ha, respectively. It has been established that the best sowing qualities are in seeds sown at early dates. With that, no significant impact of seeding method and seed rate was observed. It has been concluded that the elements of technology studied depend on weather conditions during the growing period.
49-57 245
Abstract
Results are given from 45-year investigations carried out by the Breeding Center of the Siberian Research Institute of Fodder Crops resulted in the development of 42 varieties of fodder crops of 24 species. Using biotechnological methods of somaclonal variation, cell autoselection, and recurrent regeneration combined with the selection, the new breeding material of sainfoin, alfalfa, canola, chickpeas, soybeans has been obtained, which is under breeding study in the research institutions of Western and Eastern Siberia, Yakutia and Kazakhstan. The effectiveness of using both certain methods (polycross, mutagenesis, polyploidy, hybridization, selection) and their combinations is shown by way of example of red clover breeding. This has resulted in the development of varieties of new generation distinguished by winter hardiness, early and late ripeness on the diploid and tetraploid basis such as SibNIIK-10, Rodnik Sibiri, Atlant, Ogonek, and Meteor. The average yields of green mass and dry matter in the cultivar Meteor make up 515 and 118 centners per ha, the maximum 700 and 203 centners per ha, respectively. Seed yields of the cultivar Rodnik Sibiri reaches 6.2 centners per ha. By the selection method from wild populations were developed winter-hardy, drought-resistant and high-yielding varieties of sainfoin, Mikhailovsky 5 and Mikhailovsky 10, with yields of dry matter and seeds of up to 103 and 16.5 centners per ha, respectively. By the methods of hybridization, inbreeding, and selection, a series of 00 type spring rape varieties of different maturity groups have been developed; these are Dybravinsky Skorospely, SibNIIK-198, Nadezhny 92, and SibNIIK-21. The interspecific hybridization is an effective method for developing original and breeding material of 000 type spring rape.
57-62 409
Abstract
Productivity and nutritive value of single-species and mixed crops of cereals and broad beans were analyzed. Investigations were carried out in 2011-2014 using the facilities of the Siberian Research Institute of Fodder Crops located in the northern forest-steppe zone of Western Siberia. The indices of competitive ability and biological effectiveness of annual grass-legume mixtures were determined depending on a ratio of components. It has been revealed that the mixtures yield to single-species crops in productivity by 13-15%, but are more plastic to weather conditions. It has been established that the optimal ratio of cereal and legume components is a mixture of 70: 40% from the total seed rate. The best crops for mixtures are oats and barley; the use of wheat reduces yields by 48-72% because it is suppressed by broad beans. Broad beans possessing high biological productivity potential are characterized by wide fluctuations in yields. In dry years, up to 90% of the produce was derived from the cereal component, the part of beans accounted for only 10%. In wet years, the proportion of beans was up to 50-70% of the yield, and only 25% was cereals. The basic indicator of effectiveness of mixed crops is digestible protein availability per 1 fodder unit and collection of fodder units. The mixtures exceed single-species crops of oats and barley in digestible protein availability by 41-43%. The zootechnic rate is achieved, when the yield of the mixture contains 12% of legume component.
63-68 149
Abstract
The resource-saving methods for improving floodplain meadows in the areas near the Ob River were studied. Investigations were conducted in 1995-1997 at the floodplain grasslands of the JSC “Skala”, Kolyvan District, Novosibirsk Region. In the experiment was used the SibNIISkhoz 189 cultivar of smooth bromegrass (Bromopsis inermis (Leys.) Holub). When studying the effect of dates for strip complementary seeding of smooth bromegrass on productivity of flood meadow, the most productive date was found to be early summer date of 1 June. The yields of green and dry masses made up 16.5 and 4.7 tonnes per ha, respectively. The minimal yields of green and dry masses were in the variant with autumn date (15 October) of strip complementary seeding - 13.4 and 3.8 tonnes per ha, respectively. It was established that strip complementary seeding of smooth bromegrass to the grass sod of flood meadows allowed obtaining yields of 13.9 t/ha of green mass and 3.97 t/ha of dry mass. In the control variant of field meadow experiment, productivity was 1.4-3 times lower as compared with the different improvement techniques. Carrying out the strip complementary seeding of smooth bromegrass 2.8 times increased productivity of flood meadows. With that, the number of graminoids in the herbage increased up to 56.9%, motley grasses decreased down to 37.6%. The number of leguminous plants in the herbage made up 5.5%, the content of digestible protein per 1 fodder unit was 104. Among the meadow improvement methods studied, the strip complementary seeding of smooth bromegrass turned out to be profitable and resource-saving.
SCIENTIFIC RELATIONS
116-121 150
Abstract
Characters of genetic changes in cotton seeds as influenced by chemical mutagens separately and together with the chemical compound с-ABA (с-amino-benzoic acid) were investigated in various medium-staple cotton varieties. The improvement of the process of getting high genetic variability by mutant factors was studied. In the course of long-term work were obtained mutant lines being at the different stages of the breeding process. The one hundred and twenty three new promising cotton varieties have been developed, 35 new mutant varieties have been turned over to the competitive variety trial. The cotton varieties of mutant origin as to the growing period ripen 1-7 earlier as compared with the standard cultivar AzNIKhI-195. All the varieties studied exceed the standard cultivar in productivity by 10-27%. The promising varieties Ganja-191, Ganja-192, Ganja-168, Ganja-62, Ganja-135, and Ganja-146 are distinguished by higher yielding capacity and staple output as compared with the standard. The varieties Ganja-72, Ganja-83, Ganja-131, and Ganja-135 as to staple quality meet the requirements of the IV staple type. The new cotton varieties Ganja-2, Ganja-110, and Ganja-114 have been recognized; Ganja-132, Ganja-160, and Ganja-182 are at the plots of the State Commission on Trial and Protection of Breeding Achievements.
HORTICULTURE
69-75 208
Abstract
The article is devoted to the brief history of research efforts into breeding of the representatives of the genus Paeonia L. in Russia. The lead scientists and experts in this field of horticulture are named; the most important achievements of domestic peony breeders are shown. Results of the breeding work carried out by scientists and enthusiast gardeners on developing new forms of herbaceous peonies are described. The most popular peony varieties are listed. The work of Ufa breeders over the last 60 years is presented in more details. There are given such characteristics of hybrid peony varieties bred at the Botanical Garden-Institute of Ufa Scientific Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, as height, diameter and leafiness of the bush; color, shape, diameter and aroma of the flower; time and duration of flowering; features of fruit bearing; resistance of flowers to fading as well as to adverse weather conditions, diseases and pests. The following data are presented: by which way the varieties were obtained - by open pollination or directed crossings; names of their authors and the numbers of inventor’s certificates.
ECONOMICS
104-110 181
Abstract
There are considered the main stages of developing the Siberian Research Institute of Agricultural Economics as a center of agro-economic research in the territory of Siberia. There are presented the main research products of the scientists working in the field of economics in different periods of the development of agro-industrial production. Among them are suggestions and recommendations on the transition of Siberian agriculture to the industrial basis, production resources conservation, territorial distribution and specialization of agriculture, economic stimulation of agricultural production, and creation of the food basis in the areas of the new industrial development. A great emphasis in agro-economic investigations is made on the issues of innovative development of agro-industrial production and food market of Siberia. The fundamental investigations of the scientists find their applications in the complete elaborations, which are put into practice. It is shown that the agro-economic science of Siberia has a pronounced research strategy linked to solving tasks of the agribusiness industry, and is able to increase its contribution to the sustainable development of agriculture.
110-115 109
Abstract
A state of manufacturing resources was evaluated by way of example of an agricultural enterprise of Novosibirsk Region. There was used the comparative analysis method, diagnostic interviewing of experts, analytical and synthetic methods, methods of comparison and analogs. There are suggested the methodology for determining weighting coefficients of components of manufacturing resources at the different levels. It has been found that a share of a certain component in the structure of manufacturing resources does not reflect a level of its impact on production activity of an agricultural enterprise.
ISSN 0370-8799 (Print)
ISSN 2658-462X (Online)
ISSN 2658-462X (Online)