The possibilities of using the supramolecular complexes of tebuconazole with plant polysaccharides against diseases of spring wheat leaves were studied. The experiment (2018, 2019) was conducted in the crops of Novosibirskaya 31 and Obskaya 2 varieties in the forest-steppe zone of Western Siberia. The test results were compared with the effi  ciency of fungicide Folicur, EC (active ingredient tebuconazole, 250 g / l, fl  ow rate 1 l / ha). A single use of complexes of tebuconazole with licorice root extract (ratio 1 : 5) and arabinogalactan (ratio 1 : 10) with the consumption rate of 0.5 kg / ha at the beginning of wheat earing phase suppressed the development of Septoria, brown rust and powdery mildew within 30 days after treatment. The biological effectiveness of the studied complexes in the crops of cultivar Novosibirskaya 31 was high and accounted for 95.0% and 85%; 98.5% and 95.3%; 86.4% and 71.0%, respectively (the standard is 97.5%, 99.4% and 98.9%). The prevalence of Septoria in Obskaya 2 decreased by 92.3% and 94.0%, in the variant with Folicur – by 99.8%. Fungicidal complexes increased the assimilation surface of the fl  ag leaf of Novosibirskaya 31 by 34.8% and 35.8%, Obskaya 2 – by 32.4% and 22.9%, and in the variant with Foliсur – by 29.8% and 26.1%. There was also an increase in the number of grains in the ear in Novosibirskaya 31 by 26.7% and 23.3%, in Obskaya 2 – by 11.4% and 8.9%, with Folicur – by 27.6% and 7.1%. The mass of 1000 grains in Novosibrskaya 31 increased by 18.1% and 18.7%, in Obskaya 2 – by 13.7% and 14.1%, which is higher than in the variant with Folicur (9.1% and 6.2%). The grain weight in the main ear during treatment of Novosibirskaya 31 and Obskaya 2 wheat with the complex of tebuconazole with licorice root extract increased by 50.0% and 20.2%, with arabinogalactan – by 44.9% and 17.7%, which is higher than the standard (39.8% and 14.6%). The protection of crops by the studied complexes ensured an increase in the grain yield of spring common wheat Novosibirskaya 31 by 18.7% and 17.8%, Obskaya 2 – by 19.8% and 14.8%, (with Folicur – by 16.2% and 12.1%). The use of mechanocomplexes of tebuconazole with licorice root extract and arabinogalactan while reducing the consumption rates of the active ingredient by about 2.9 and 5.6 times ensures the effi  ciency which is not lower, but in some cases even higher than that of the commercial fungicide Folicur.

The results of the study on the production of potato minitubers by aeroponic and aero-hydroponic methods, which are non-substrate methods of growing plants, are presented. In order to develop technologies for growing virus-free potato seed material in closed systems, experiments on growing potato minitubers in multiuse aeroponic systems were conducted. Early-ripening potato varieties Rosara, Antonina and Yubilyar, mid-ripening Solnechny variety, and S-112 and Ch hybrids were used as the tested potato varieties. The plant growing cycle was divided into three phases: adaptation, growth, and tuberization. For each phase, different cultivation parameters were used. As a light source, highpressure sodium lamps DNaT 400 were used. The quantitative yield of potato minitubers per one plant on this type of systems was as follows: Antonina variety – 15.3 pcs., Yubilyar variety – 23 pcs., Hybrid Ch – 28.1 pcs., Hybrid S-112 – 30.2 pcs., Solnechny variety – 30.3 pcs., Rosara variety – 43.9 pcs. The effect of various light sources on the quantitative yield of potato minitubers of Nevsky and Yubilyar varieties was studied for this type of systems. Cultivation of potatoes in these systems was carried out according to the technology described, but using two different types of light sources. In the control variant, high-pressure sodium lamps DNaT 400 were used, in the experimental variant, LED lamps produced by CoB (full spectrum) technology with a passive cooling system were used. The use of LED lighting on Nevsky variety led to a statistically signifi cant increase in the quantitative yield of potato minitubers from one plant compared to the control, by 20.88%. The prospects of using Fagro aero-hydroponic systems for adaptation of potato microplants and for obtaining potato minitubers of Rosara and Solnechny varieties were shown. The quantitative yield of potato minitubers per plant on this type of installations was 46.9 pcs. for Rosara variety, and 56.7 pcs. for Solnechny.

The  possibility of freeze drying of plant material and its grinding in a shaking bead mill to determine the activity of nitrate reductase (NR) was studied. The effectiveness of applying this approach to high throughput mass screening of crops was shown. The assay was carried out on seedlings of common wheat (Triticum aestivum) of the following cultivars: Altigo, Vassa, Grom, Doka, Soberbash, Starshina, Fisht and spring wheat Novosibirskaya 67. The crops were grown during 4-5 weeks on substrate without nitrogen and on substrate supplemented with 50 millimol / l (mM) of potassium nitrate. Nitrate reductase in plants retained its activity after lyophilization and grinding of dried leaves in a mill. The proposed protocol for NR activity assay is suitable for plant lysates with an NR activity suffi cient to form nitrite in the range of 5–120 micromoles / l (μM) in 800 μl of reaction mix (for instance, freeze-dried sample originated from 100 mg of wheat seedling leaves).  Centrifugation of a plant lysate at 20,000 g almost did not change NR activity compared to 12,000 g that is achievable for most lab centrifuges. Lysates from fresh leaves contained signifi cantly more total protein than lysates from lyophilized leaves (with an equal amount of starting wet material). The difference in the nitrate-reducing activity in lysates from fresh and lyophilized leaves was not as high as the difference in protein concentration. Thus, the activity of NR calculated per g of total protein was higher in lyophilized leaves than in fresh leaves. The activity of NR was signifi cantly induced by nitrate for all cultivars. The basal and nitrate-induced NR activity varied widely between the cultivars, and the induction ranged from 2.5 fold for Novosibirskaya 67 variety and 2.7 fold for Vassa to 5.4 for Altigo and 5.7 fold for Grom.

The results of many years of research on the effectiveness of the integrated use of crop protection means and fertilizers with the application of various tillage systems for cultivation of winter wheat of Moskovskaya variety 39 are presented. The studies were conducted in the European nonchernozem soil of Moscow Region on sod-podzolic medium loamy medium-cultivated soil. It was shown that weeds are mainly represented by broadleaved species with an amount of 270 to 370 pcs/ m2. Among pests, cereal aphids and capsid bugs dominate. Among diseases, Helminthosporium and Fusarium root rot (up to 30–40%) and aerogenic infections – brown leaf rust (15-28%) and leaf spot (17-25%) were noted. Studies showed high individual effectiveness in eliminating harmful causes by using appropriate means of protection – seed disinfectants, herbicides, fungicides and insecticides. Weed infestation decreased by 78-85%, root rot development – by 78-81, leaf diseases – by 91-98, pests – by 78-100%. At the same time, the weak effectiveness of the Alto-super fungicide against Septoria and Karate insecticide against wheat thrips was noted. The effect of protective measures on the stored crop was as follows: seed disinfectants – 18%, insecticides – 21, herbicides – 39, fungicides – 22%. The highest economic effect was obtained with the integrated use of plant protection products – up to 1.07 t / ha of grain. At the same time, the quality of grain, content of protein and gluten, and grain class increased. The economic effi ciency of the integrated protection system ranged from 4.7 to 8.1 roubles for each rouble spent. The best result in terms of economic effi ciency was obtained with moldboard tillage and the use of a full dose of NPK90 mineral fertilizers and a full integrated protection scheme.

The results of assessing the effect of Bacillus thuringiensis ssp. aizawai strain on fi ve species of lepidopteran pests (Lepidoptera) belonging to different families are presented. The mortality of larvae infected with B. thuringiensis strain varied signifi cantly depending on the species of insect. In four species: the cabbage white butterfl y (Pieris brassicae L.), the cabbage moth (Mamestra brassicae L.), the greater wax moth (Galleria melonella L.) and the black-veined white (Aporia crataegi L.), death of individuals was noted on the second day of the experiment. However, mortality rate was signifi cantly different between species and increased over time. The diamondback moth (Plutella xylostella L.) was more susceptible to the pathogen. Signifi cant mortality of the larvae of this phytophage was observed already on the fi rst day after infection; while on the second day of the experiment all individuals died. Lethal time LT90 of more resistant species (black-veined white) and more sensitive ones (diamondback moth) differed sevenfold. Semi-lethal concentrations of B. thuringiensis strain for the tested insect species were determined: on the third day of the experiment, lethal concentration LC50 for the cabbage moth larvae, the greater wax moth and blackveined white ranged from 1.7 to 4.5 × 108 spores/ ml. For the cabbage white butterfl y, it was much lower (1.8×107 spores/ml). For diamondback moth caterpillars, LC50 was 4.25×107 spores/ml already one day after infection. It was noted that the specifi city of B. thuringiensis strain is associated with various mechanisms of insect protection from pathogens, and is due to individual characteristics of the species. In particular, the pH of excrement of intact caterpillars of the cabbage white butterfl y, a species sensitive to B. thuringiensis, was 2 times higher than that of caterpillars of the greater wax moth – 8.9 and 4.3, respectively, which is one of the reasons for the susceptibility (or resistance) of the species to bacterial entomopathogen.

When importing cattle from Hungary, Germany, Holland and Australia, many violations of veterinary rules for cattle management for the purpose of its reproduction, rearing and sale were noted. Pathogens of a number of infectious diseases penetrate livestock farms with the cattle purchased. Cases of infection of imported pedigree cattle with tuberculosis were noted. Scientists, together with practical experts of the Republic of Kazakhstan and the Russian Federation, conducted a series of surveys of livestock farms, where pedigree cattle was imported from abroad. The imortance of the veterinary-sanitary treatment of premises prior to the delivery of breeding livestock was highlighted. Feeding regime of such animals in the summer and winter periods was taken into account. Particular attention was paid to preventive diagnostic studies of imported livestock and local animals in contact with them. For more effective diagnosis, several diagnostic tests were used – from the usual intradermal tuberculin test with PPD tuberculin for mammals – to the palpebral and intravenous tuberculin tests as well as the “booster effect” method. In the diagnosis of tuberculosis, a special role was assigned to the results of autopsy and laboratory studies of biomaterial taken from animals killed for diagnostic purposes. In the complex of diagnostic studies for a final decision on the animal tuberculosis and a general epizootic assessment of the herd for animal tuberculosis, a diagnostic assessment of the intradermal fold of 5 mm and over was proposed. Comprehensive intravital diagnostic measures, post-mortem diagnostics of animals reacting to tuberculin, proper veterinary and sanitary measures in livestock buildings were carried out, contact of animals brought from abroad with local cattle and other domestic animals, as well as poultry, was excluded. Comprehensive measures can reliably prevent and diagnose cases of tuberculosis both in imported and local livestock when placing it in specially prepared livestock buildings.

Based on the use of the best domestic and world gene pool of the Holstein breed, a domestic highly productive breed of cattle with a genetic potential of more than 10 000 kg of milk per lactation adapted to the climatic conditions of Siberia was created. When breeding it, different reproductive crosses were used. As a result, a competitive livestock breed with a population of 26 770 heads was obtained. The productivity of 10 129 cows at the time of breed testing averaged 7,461 kg of milk with a fat content of 3.78% and a protein content of 3.16%. In terms of milk yield and protein content in milk, they surpass Black-and-White cows by 1,460 kg and 0.05%, respectively. However, the animals of the original breed have a higher fat content of milk, by 0.14%. The live weight of cows of Sibiryachka breed is 36 kg (6%) more than that of Black-and-White cows. Young animals of the new breed are intensively growing and developing. At all ages, their live weight is higher than Black-and-White peers. The average daily increase from birth to one year for heifers of the new breed was 770 g, for Black-and-White peers – 700 g. For a growing period of up to 18 months, daily growth averaged 706 and 673 g, respectively. The live weight of heifers at 18 months is 424 kg, Black-and-White – 405 kg, which allows insemination of heifers of Sibiryachka breed 24 days earlier. The average yield of calves over 3 years in the new breed was 82.7%, in the original one it was 3.7% less. The period of use of the cows of the created breed is 3.47 calving, which is 8% more compared to the Black-and-White breed.

The results of studying the body structure of trematode cercariae of the families Opisthorchiidae and Notocotylidae and the features of their development in Western Siberia are presented. The data of long-term (1994–2019) studies on the spread of these pathogens of dangerous parasitic diseases in humans and animals are analyzed and summarized. The studies were conducted according to generally accepted methods in parasitology and hydrobiology. The species affi  liation of trematodes was determined in laboratory conditions on mature cercariae that independently left the shells of the host mollusks Bithynia tentaculata and B. troscheli. It was noted that the trematodes of the Opisthorchiidae and Notocotylidae families at the cercaria stage have the following similar features: a simple tail, pigmented eyes, and one oral sucking cup. Diagnosis of trematode cercariae of Opisthorchiidae and Notocotylidae families is possible by the following signs: the tail of the opisthorchis cercaria has a swimming membrane and is 2 times longer than the body, the tail of the notocotylid has no swimming membrane and is approximately equal in length to the body. Opisthor-chis cercariae have two pigment eyes, notocotilids – three. In the life cycle of opisthorchis, there are two intermediate hosts (bitinia and fi  sh), in the notocotylid cycle, one (bitinia). Opisthorchis cercariae have penetration glands, but notocotylids do not; the maximum daily emission of opisthorchis cercariae is ten times higher than that of notocotylids (6672 and 422 cercariae, respectively). The ability to diagnose opisthorchis and notocotilid at the cercaria stage allows the identifi cation of local foci of epidemiologically and epizootically dangerous diseases.

The results of the evaluation of genomic inbreeding of stud bulls of Black-and-White and Holstein breeds of the Central region of Russia are presented. The studies were carried out by detecting long homozygous fragments in the animal genome – runs of homozygosity (ROH), compared to the traditional approach of determining inbreeding by pedigree. ROH analysis was performed using the Illumina Bovine SNP50K v2 BeadChip biochip with the density of 54609 SNP in the population of stud bulls of Black-and-White and Holstein breeds (n = 100) in Moscow and Leningrad regions. The largest number and total length of ROH in the studied population were found on chromosomes 3, 6, 9, 10, 20, and 24, with an average length of 10.34; 9.15; 10.33; 12.37, and 9.05 Mb, respectively. The number of ROH segments varied from 5 to 34, with an average of 19.1. The average ROH size was 8539 ± 161 kb with the total number of nucleotide mutations of 136.2 ± 2.5 SNP and coverage density of 62.2 kb. It was found that the larger the inbreeding value by pedigree, the higher the frequency of occurrence of homozygous segments (on average from 15.5 to 25.7, respectively, with the inbreeding value from 0 to 8.5%). The total length of the fragments and the average value of ROH tend to increase depending on the inbreeding level (271.3 Mb and 10862 kb at the inbreeding value of 5.0% and higher). The highest repeatability with the inbreeding coeffi cient was obtained for the sum of homozygous genome patterns and diallelic markers, 0.517 and 0.475, respectively. Monitoring the level of homozygosity on the basis of genomic information most accurately refl ects the true level of inbreeding, and allows more effi cient monitoring of the breeding process in animal populations.

The results of studying the immune response with persistence of the microorganism of the genus Mycoplasma in the body of cows are presented. The study (2019) was conducted in dairy farms in five districts of Novosibirsk region. Identification of individual specific antibodies of class G to microorganisms of the genus Mycoplasma was carried out in 186 samples of blood serum of cattle. The study was carried out by enzyme immunoassay with the MycoplasmaIgG antibodies ELISA VET kit. In the majority of the studied farms, a prolonged persistence of the microorganism of the genus Mycoplasma was noted. It was found that mycoplasma, having weak immunogenicity, mainly causes a chronic course of the disease. In an enzyme-linked immunoassay, this phenomenon was recorded in dubious reactions in 60.8% of animals. In some farms during the study, a period of reactivation of the disease was noted, which appeared in the transition of the disease from the carrier phase to the active form with clinical manifestations. In the enzyme immunoassay, 7.5% of the animals reacted positively. It was noted that in farms with positively reacting animals, the probability of isolation and spread of the pathogen from sick animals is high. No reaction to the presence of class G antibodies to microorganisms of the genus Mycoplasma was detected in 31.7% of the animals studied. In most farms, the growth dynamics of animals with dubious response was noted to depend on their physiological period. The connection of the duration of cow lactation with the dubious antibody response in an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was established. The possibility of connecting this phenomenon with highly intensive use of productive animals, which leads to an increase in stress levels and a decrease in homeostasis and immunity, is shown.

Studies were conducted to improve the effi ciency of feed production technology in the form of high-moisture fl attened conserved grain by means of harvesting wheat with the use of stripping tools without threshing. The research objectives included an assessment of the quality and energy consumption of a single-rotor stripper header, depending on its operating modes, for harvesting high-moisture wheat plant mass. The implementation of resource-saving technologies for the feed production in the form of wet fl attened grain is constrained due to restrictions in traditional harvesters for direct grain harvesting in the phase of the beginning of wax ripeness. To solve the problem of effi cient harvesting of high-moisture grain, stripping working tools were proposed. The use of a single-rotor stripper header was justifi ed. To assess the technological effi ciency of stripping high-moisture wheat plant mass, experimental studies were conducted with the use of a bench model of a single-rotor stripper header. The results of changes in the quality indicators and the energy assessment of stripping of Novosibirsk-31 variety wheat stands were obtained, whereby the average grain moisture was 40% and the rotation frequency of the header stripping rotor was in the range of 330-650 rpm. A comparative assessment of the results of stripping wheat stands at the beginning of wax and hard ripeness was carried out. The research results showed the feasibility of using a single-rotor stripper header for harvesting the productive part of cereal crops at the beginning of wax ripeness for fodder purposes, including fl attening and subsequent conservation as the most rational way of processing high-moisture grain. The use of a stripper header as a forage harvester adapter will increase the effi ciency of resource-saving technologies for harvesting highmoisture grain and will expand agrotechnical period for harvesting grain for feed purposes.

The analysis of the epizootic situation for viral arthritis-encephalitis of goats in the territory of Novosibirsk region was carried out. No specifi  c prophylaxis for this disease has been developed, so the earliest diagnostic methods, as well as the study of its epizootology, are relevant. The studies were conducted in 2019. To study the distribution of goats that are positively responsive to viral arthritis-encephalitis, 198 blood serum samples were taken from goats of various genders, breeds and ages in private farm households and farm enterprises located on the territory of Novosibirsky, Iskitimsky, Ordynsky, Kochenevsky, Moshkovsky and Maslyaninsky districts of Novosibirsk region. In order to study the presence of antibodies to goat arthrit-isencephalitis virus in diagnostic titers, an indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was used with the antibody detection kit against MVV / CAEV in goat serum (ID Screen® MVV / CAEV Indirect Screening test). Of the 198 animals examined, 86 were found to have diagnostically signifi  cant titers of antibodies to the goat arthritis- encephalitis virus, which was 43.4% of the studied population. The result for two goats was uncertain, which amounted to 1%. The remaining animals (55.6%) had no antibodies to goat arthritis-encephalitis virus in their blood serum. The maximum number of positively reacting animals was noted in Novosibirsky district – 66.7%. The Maslyaninsky district was second according to the degree of virus carrying, whereby 47.5% of blood serum samples of goats showed a high titer of antibodies to the goat arthritis-encephalitis virus. The data obtained indicate that at least fi  ve districts of the Novosibirsk Region have foci of goat arthritis-encephalitis virus.

Material is presented on the formation and development of agricultural engineering in Russia in the 19th - early 20th centuries. The research materials were archival funds, Internet resources, historical works, and literature. The prerequisites and features of the emergence of agricultural machine-building enterprises, namely repair shops and factories, against the background of social changes are examined. The information on the creation and development of Russia’s fi rst agricultural machine-building plants is given and analyzed. Prior to the abolition of serfdom, 60% of enterprises manufacturing agricultural tools belonged to artisanal workshops, and 10% – to small factories. This volume accounted for less than 50% of the market needs, the rest of the equipment necessary for agriculture was supplied by foreign plants. By 1880, the number of domestic enterprises increased to 340. In 1913, agricultural machinery production already accounted for 20.5% of the total volume of Russian mechanical engineering. The largest agricultural engineering plants were located in the south and in the central part of Russia. In 1913, the share of southern plants amounted to 53%, the share of the plants of central provinces – 20.5% of the total output (by value). In other regions, artisanal production of equipment and machinery of simple designs prevailed. After World War I, agricultural machinery production declined to 8% from the 1913 level. Enterprises created in the second half of the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries became the basis of agricultural engineering in Russia. The following features of the Russian agricultural machine-building industry are noted: small-scale production, limited nomenclature, manufacture of tools of simple designs, focus on the local market, lack of export, dependence of production volumes on the yield, lack of narrow specialization of enterprises, seasonal character of production.