The results of research on the effect of long-term application of mineral fertilizers, lime and green manuring on soil acidity and crop productivity are presented. The experiment was conducted in a long-term (2017-2020) stationary field experiment in the fifth rotation of a four-field crop rotation: corn, barley + clover, clover, spring wheat. The soil of the experimental plot is gray forest heavy loam. The following variants were studied: without fertilizers, N₉₀Р₆₀, Р₆₀К₉₀, N₉₀К₉₀, N₉₀Р₆₀К₉₀ on two backgrounds - without liming and with the introduction of 0.5 Ng of lime (5.7 t/ha). It was found that 5 times use of ameliorant helped to decrease acidity of gray forest soil: рН_KCl increased by 0,9-1,5 in comparison with the initial indicator (4,5-4,9), hydrolytic acidity decreased by 6,1-8,3 mg-eq./100 g, the degree of base saturation increased by 20,0-25,5%. Due to the use of green manuring in the crop rotation, рН_KCl grew by 0.4-0.6; hydrolytic acidity fell by 2.3-4.1 mg-eq./100 g of soil, the degree of base saturation raised by 9.2-13.3%. The mineral fertilizers at the applied rates had no effect on changing the soil acidity, both on non-lime- and lime-fertilized backgrounds. The productivity of crop rotations by experiment variants increased by 0.23-0.69 tons of grain units per hectare (tgru/ha) (7-21%) and was the greatest with the combined effect of total mineral fertilizer (N₉₀P₆₀K₉₀) and lime. The recoupment of 1 kg rate of application of mineral fertilizers to agricultural products was 6.1-11.5 kg of grain, 1 ton of lime - 2.5-3.2 kg of grain.

Results of chlorophyll fluorescence parameters (ChlF) informativity measurement and comparison of 10-d-old spring wheat seedlings under laboratory conditions under separate and combined stressors action are presented. It was found that separate and combined action of chloride salinity (1,3%), infection with cereal root rot pathogen Bipolaris sorokiniana Shoem. (5000 conidia per grain) suppressed light and dark reactions of photosynthesis. The effective quantum yield Y(II), photochemical quenching qP and electron transport ETR decreased significantly in both cultivars, most significantly in the co-activated version (up to 62,7%). The maximum photochemical quantum yield of FS II Fv / Fm was less informative, no significant changes in the parameter were found. Inhibition of light-dependent reactions was accompanied by a significant increase in the values of the parameters of non-photochemical quenching ChlF - coefficient qN and quantum yield of regulated non-photochemical quenching ChlF Y (NPQ) from 24.1 to 72.1% in both varieties, most pronounced in the variety Sibirskaya 12. The parameter Y(NO), the quantum yield of unregulated non-photochemical quenching of ChlF, changed insignificantly relative to the control in both varieties. The positive effect of seed pre-heating (43 °C) on the functional activity of photosynthetic apparatus of seedlings - the reliable (p ≤ 0,05) increase of the parameter Y(II), qP, ETR (by 18,0-59,0%) and decrease of the parameter Y(NPQ), Y(NO) and qN (by 18,8-35,1%) at further infection and chloride salinization in both sorts, mainly in the variety Omskaya 18 was revealed. The informativeness of the parameters ChlF for assessment of varieties stress tolerance was established. Significant intervariety differences (from 1.2-6.2 times) were revealed for almost all parameters (except for Fv / Fm, Y(NO), Fv) for all variants of experiment. The varietal specificity was established - the least changes in ChlF parameters relative to the control were in the stable variety Omskaya 18 in all variants of the experiment. The proposed approach will make it possible to develop a noninvasive method for early diagnosis of stress tolerance (phenotyping) of new wheat genotypes to biotic and abiotic stressors.

The results of creating corn hybrids with yields no lower than 8-11 t/ha, with good wateryielding capacity during ripening, with good enough lodging and resistance to biotic and abiotic environmental factors are presented. Scientific and practical work was carried out in 2020, 2021 in the experimental field of the Laboratory of Breeding and Seed Production of Early-Maturing Corn in the Foothill Zone of the Kabardino-Balkarian Republic. Evaluation of hybrid combinations of different ripeness groups: early-ripening with an index of early maturity FAO 170-220 and mediumripening - FAO 220-300 was conducted. Planting experiments in the control nursery and the study of experimental hybrid combinations on the main economic values were carried out according to generally accepted methodological recommendations. The hybrids were studied for the main economically valuable traits: harvest grain moisture, grain yield, grain yield at 14% moisture. In the ripeness group FAO 170-220 by harvesting moisture 8 hybrids were noted, by grain yield - 6, by grain yield - 7 combinations. In the variant FAO 220-300, 5 hybrid combinations were selected for harvesting moisture content, 7 hybrid combinations for grain output, 3 hybrid combinations for grain yield. This work on the evaluation of corn hybrids in the control nursery was carried out in accordance with the plan of research work. All hybrids selected in the scientific and practical work exceeded reliably (according to the evaluated indicators) the standard values in their ripeness groups.

Results of research in the field of wheat drought tolerance breeding by infrared thermometry method are presented. It is noted that in Russia this method is still not widespread. The parameter Canopy temperature depression (CTD) among collection samples of spring wheat was studied. The experiment was conducted in the Altai Territory in 2019-2021. Yield, elements of its structure and the duration of seedling – heading period were studied in 55 varieties of spring soft wheat. The canopy temperature was measured with a portable infrared thermometer. CTD was defined as the difference between the air temperature and the canopy temperature. The average CTD across the varieties was 6.1, -0.8, and 2.6 °C in 2019, 2020, and 2021, respectively. Significant influence on the variability of this trait had both the factor of year and genotype. During the three years of the study CTD had a stable reliable relationship with the duration of the seedling - heading period (r = 0.27- 0.37), and in two of the three years - with the yield (r = 0.32 and 0.60). In the driest year (2020), CTD was positively correlated not only with the yield structure elements (r = 0.17-0.48), but also with the plant height (r = 0.55). The highest average CTD value for three years was recorded for Altayskaya zhnica (3.5 °C), Stepnaya niva (3.6 °C), Burlak (3.8 °C), Obskaya 2 (3.9 °C), Lutescens 360/96, Merzana, Alexander (4.0 °C) and Lutescens 208/08-4 (4.4 °C) cultivars.

Pink snow rot (pathogen Microdochium nivale) is the most common low-temperature pathogen worldwide. Sensitivity of two geographically distant populations of the pink snow rot pathogen (southern Russia and the Republic of Belarus) to nine modern fungicides was studied. The fungicides included in the State Catalogue of pesticides and agrochemicals permitted for use in the Russian Federation and recommended for treatment against snow rot were selected for the study. The material for the study was a pure culture of the fungus M. nivale. The agar block method was used in this study. The fungicide solutions were introduced into the nutrient medium using two standard methods: by interfering with the medium and by rubbing the preparation on the medium surface with a spatula. The preparations with 100% fungicidal effect against both studied populations were identified: Polaris, OE, Quinto Duo, SC and Bariton Super, SC. Oplot Trio, WS, Vybrance Trio, FC, Maxim Forte, SC showed 100% efficacy only against the Belarusian population of the pathogen. It was determined that the use of two methods of introducing the preparation into the nutrient medium (intervention and rubbing on the agar surface) has a high correlation coefficient (for the Belarusian population - r_xy = 1.0, for the North Caucasian population - r_xy = 0.99). However, intervention is less likely to inhibit colony growth and is therefore preferable in drug sensitivity studies of pure culture of the fungus M. nivale. A statistically significant difference was found between the sensitivity to fungicides of populations from geographically distant regions (F_t 5.32 < F_f 23.2 for the intervention method, F_t 5.32 < F_f 37.7 for the rubbing method). The data indicate the heterogeneity of the snow rot pathogen in terms of sensitivity to the modern assortment of seed dressing agents.

The results of research on the effect of biopreparations on soybean plants in the Primorsky Territory are presented. The experiment was conducted in 2020, 2021 under the conditions of a plot experiment. The preparations were studied on soybean plants of the Primorskaya 86 variety. The objects of research are microbiological preparation Biocomposite-correct and organomineral fertilizer Biostim Start. The experiment scheme included the following variants: without treatment (control); treatment of seeds with Biocomposite Correct; treatment of seeds and plants spraying with Biocomposite Correct; treatment of seeds with Biocomposite Correct + Biostim Start; treatment of seeds with Biocomposite Correct and Biostim Start + plants spraying with Biocomposite Correct. The use of biopreparations contributed to a decrease in the intensity of septoriosis development relative to the control (29.8%) by 5.2-6.8%. The maximum biological efficiency in the experiment (23.1%) was observed in the variant with treatment of soybean seeds with Biocomposite-correct. Complex treatment with Biocomposite-correct provided a reduction of downy mildew manifestations by 8.2%, the biological effectiveness was 37.8%. The biological products had a positive effect on the plant growth and development. The largest plant growth in the phase of full maturity was noted in the variant with Biocomposite Correct + Biostim Start + plant spraying with Biocomposite Correct (56.6 cm), in the control - 49.3 cm. When using biopreparations, the number of nodules exceeded the control by 17.4-34.1%, the number of leaves by 28.3-39.5%. The thousand-seed weight varied between 180.0-190.6 g in the experimental variants, and 157.5 g in the control. The seed weight per plant in the experimental variants was higher than the control by 41.3-70.6%. The studied preparations provided an increase in the yield in all the variants of the experiment. The biological yield was 3.3-3.7 t/ha with the yield of 2.5 t/ha in the control.

Historical descriptions of extinct Siberian pig breeds or those on the verge of extinction are presented for a better understanding of the breeding process in the domestic pig breeding and hybridization system, which determines the improvement of productive and breed characters. An overview of pig breeds in Siberia is given in terms of the history of their breeding, the breeding and genetic methods used and the achievements obtained. The absence of living representatives of extinct breeds does not allow to study more deeply their physiological, morphological features, the potential of productivity at a high level of feeding both in conditions of modern industrial complexes and using modern genetic breeding methods. Literature sources used for the review describe in sufficient detail breeds and types, and give data on productivity under the conditions of the then-existing system of housing and feeding. Aspects of the formation, development and the current state of pig breeding, as well as the existing problems in the industry are highlighted. The following breeds are described: Siberian Northern, Kemerovo, Early Maturing Meat (EM-1), Novosibirsk Large White Breed, Achinsk Large White Breed, Kemerovo Factory Meat Pigs (KM-1), Chelyabinsk Breed, Altai Meat Breed. Methodological approaches and breeding achievements in the breeding of new breeds and breed types in Siberia are shown. The important practical significance of breeding and genetic methods in the system of industrial production in modern conditions is noted. The issue of the possibility of using the genetic potential of domestic pig breeds under conditions of import substitution on the basis of advanced technological and methodological approaches of scientists and practitioners in the conditions of Siberia was considered.

The stages of dry feed production for unproductive animals and the results of the research of the resulting products for compliance with GOSTs are presented. The quality and safety parameters of dry feeds for unproductive animals made of raw materials of animal origin subjected to dehydration process have been studied. It was found that the drying process with the convection principle of action, positively affects the indicators of nutritional value of the finished product. The resulting products comply with GOST R 54954-2012. The experiment was conducted in 2021, 2022. Spleens obtained from clinically healthy cattle (age 18 months) during slaughter at the meat processing enterprises of the Altai Territory were used as an object of the study. According to the laboratory results, it was found that in the studied form of raw materials in the process of dehydration such an indicator as the mass fraction of moisture significantly decreased and amounted to 5.5 ± 0.01%. The indicators of the mass fraction of protein and ash after the drying process, remained virtually unchanged: 20.27 ± 0.001 and 0.05 ± 0.01% respectively. The mass fraction of crude fat in the studied samples was 0.4 ± 0.01%, which is 4.6-8.6% lower than the standard. Study of the resulting products for compliance with the requirements for dry full-fat adult fodder (dogs) was carried out. A comparative analysis of the chemical composition of dry feed samples was conducted. In the tested samples the required content of the following essential macronutrients: phosphorus, calcium and sodium was observed. The highest calcium content (2.3%) was detected. Laboratory methods in accordance with the approved rules of bacterial studies established safety indicators of dry animal feed for unproductive animals.

Due to the progressive growth of the bacteria caused by the widespread use of antibiotics, treatment of streptococcosis is becoming increasingly difficult. Reliable vaccination against Streptococcus suis is necessary. Modern molecular diagnostic and genetic engineering capabilities create prospects for direct cloning of the protective epitopes of the Lmb gene of the local S. suis strain into the proposed delivery system of the pig immune system antigen. Among oral vaccine carriers, Bacillus subtilis is recognized as a relatively environmentally friendly carrier with an efficient protein secretion system and adaptive metabolism capable of spore production under relatively harsh conditions. This spore property can be used to increase the stability and reusability of vaccines. The possibility of using the protective Lmb epitopes of S. suis in B. subtilis as a carrier of an oral recombinant vaccine against Streptococcus suis was studied. The nucleotide sequences of S. suis were obtained from the GenBank database after a preliminary analysis of literature data on the known protective antigens of S. suis of various serotypes. Nucleotide sequence analysis was performed using Unipro UGENE v. 43.0. The Immune Epitope Database (IEDB) was used to search for T (CTL and Th) and B dependent epitopes of the Lmb gene. A computer-designed vaccine in which localization of CTL, B, and Th epitopes is predicted is described. The results of cloning the sequence of the antigenically active epitope of the S. suis Lmb protein in B. subtilis for subsequent oral administration and study of changes in immunological reactions and adverse reactions in animals are described. The possibility to clone the epitopes of recombinant S. suis Lmb protein into the pBE-S polylinker vector was revealed. In the long term, it seems possible to create a new inexpensive and easy-to-use vaccine against S. suis that does not require injection.

The paper presents the results of research on the introduction of phytogenic feed additives from local plant resources in the diets of egg-laying hens of different genotypes. The degree of assimilation (digestibility, use) of the feed nutrients and the conversion of the consumed feed (feed costs per 10 eggs and per 1 kg of egg weight) were determined. The costs of metabolizable energy and protein of feed per unit of production were analyzed. The composition of phytogenic feed additives under study: 1.5% (of the basic diet) flour of brown seaweeds (kelp) and 1.5% - flour of local wild herbs. It was found that their use in the diets of laying hens helps to intensify metabolic processes occurring in the body of all genotypes of poultry. The digestibility of the consumed forage hygroscopic moisture during the periods analyzed increased by 2.9-3.6%, protein digestibility by 2.9-4.3%, fat digestibility by 3.1-4.0%, nitrogen-free extractive substances by 3.9-4.6%, nitrogen use by 4.9-5.9% to the control indices of each genotype. Intensification of metabolic processes contributed to an increase in the payment for feed by products. Reduction of feed expenses for production of 10 eggs amounted to 5,5-7,3%, for 1 kg of egg weight - 8,4-13,9% to the control. The cost of metabolizable energy and protein of feed to produce a unit of product decreased. The analysis of the data revealed that laying hens of all genotypes responded positively to the inclusion of biologically active feed additive in their basic diet. The most "responsive" genotype (cross) to the intake of nutrients included in the phytogenic feed additive with the diet is the cross "Dekalb White". The birds of this cross showed higher results of intensity of metabolic processes of the body and payment for feed by products.

The spread of brucellosis in reindeer depending on agroclimatic conditions of their housing was studied. The experiment was conducted in Momsky, Nizhnekolymsky and Eveno-Bytantaysky districts of Yakutia in 2012–2019. It was shown that the annual air temperature for the studied period in all districts was higher than the norm by 1.1 ... 1.9 °С due to its more significant increase in the cold period (by 1.5 ... 2.8 °С) compared to the warm period (by 0.5 ... 0.6 °С). The highest temperature increase was registered in April (by 2.8 ... 4.4 °C) and November (by 2.2 ... 4.1 °C), in spring-summer period - in May (by 0.9 ... 1.7 °C), in July it was 0.2 ... 1.0 °С below the norm. The annual precipitation on the territory of the Eveno-Bytantaysky district changed slightly, and on the territory of the Momsky and Nizhnekolymsky districts increased by 40 and 70 mm, respectively. The incidence of brucellosis of reindeer, depending on the place (area) where reindeer are kept and weather conditions, ranged from 0 to 3.86% (coefficient of variation of 131%), fewer sick animals were in the Nizhnekolymsky district (0.20%), more – in Eveno-Bytantaysky (1.15%). There was a negative correlation (r = –0,19...–0,42) between the incidence of brucellosis in reindeer and the temperature during the cold months and the annual temperature, with the temperature of the spring-summer months - medium positive (r = 0,30...0,53) with a reliable level in July. In general, temperature had a greater effect on morbidity (r2 = 0.115) than precipitation (r2 = 0.092), but a significant inverse relationship (r = –0.48; r2 = 0.23) was found between annual precipitation sum and animal morbidity. In all months there was also a negative correlation between these indicators (r = –0.13...–0.41), except for April and August (r = 0.10 and 0.11, respectively). In winter months, this dependence was more significant (r = –0.30...–0.40) than in summer (r = –0.13...–0.27).

The possibilities of energy saving in the work of a grain grinder by increasing the efficiency of interaction of raw materials with the working bodies of the machine have been studied. A rotary grinder, in which the raw material particles are destroyed solely by impact actions in the process of primary impacts by the elements of the rotating rotor and the subsequent secondary impacts on the stationary elements of the chamber, is proposed. In this case, the design parameters of the device provide the particles with contacts with the surfaces of the impact elements at angles of attack close to the right angle, which ensures high impact efficiency. Thus, each raw material particle in the impact zone experiences only two successive contacts with the impact elements, after which the processed product particles are removed from the impact zone. In this scheme of action on the raw material the rotor energy is used most rationally. The effectiveness of the proposed device is considered on the basis of the loss of kinetic energy that occurs when the particles hit the surface of the working bodies. The interaction of the raw material with the rotor and chamber elements is studied as a single interrelated process, and the set of shock elements of the rotor and chamber are allocated as a structural unit. An analytical expression was found that determines the total energy cost required to implement the impact forces in the proposed device. A criterion that characterizes the efficiency of the grinder in the consumption of mechanical energy for the destruction of raw materials by impact forces is also introduced. A comparison of the efficiency of the proposed device and the centrifugal crusher, in which crushing of raw materials is also carried out by impact effects, is performed according to the introduced criterion.

Conceptual justification of the basic feed raw materials list which is promising for the implementation of organic technologies in Siberia is a necessary step to solve the problem of organic production of regional livestock and the creation of an appropriate feed base. The results of the validity of the use of wheat in the organic production of livestock products are presented. The ways of transforming wheat to improve the efficiency of its use in animal feed are proposed. The objectives of the research included studying the agronomic possibilities of wheat cultivation in Siberia according to the rules of organic production, assessing the scale of its use for fodder purposes, determining the amino acid composition of regional wheat varieties, justifying the effectiveness of obtaining a feed additive from it, assessing the possibility of using the new additive in the diets of animals kept according to the rules of organic production. The yield of spring wheat cultivated in Siberia on fallow and organic production norms is 62.5% on average of the yield of wheat cultivated on conventional intensive technology. The loss of 38% of the yield due to organic technology can be compensated by increasing the area of its crops. The average values of the content of normalized amino acids in wheat of the studied 82 released varieties of Siberian breeding are less than the reference values. An experimental feed additive with a lysine content of about 20 g/kg in terms of dry matter was obtained from wheat. This is comparable with the lysine content in meat and bone meal, sunflower oil meal - traditional protein ingredients of Siberian feed for monogastric animals, but not included in the list of raw materials permitted for use in organic animal husbandry. Using the obtained additive full-fat mixed fodder for young pigs and poultry were composed. Positive effect of the obtained wheat additive on the productivity of experimental animals kept under the rules of organic production was experimentally established.

Analysis of the activities of the first Soviet people’s commissars of agriculture in the context of the restructuring of the agrarian economy after the Revolution of 1917 is presented. A description of the causes and features of the land crisis in Russia and its impact on political life is given. The nature of the first experiments in the transformation of agriculture against the backdrop of revolutionary events is analyzed. As radical revolutionary forces came to power in Russia, the project of "socialization" of the land, developed by the Left Socialist Revolutionary Party and supported by the Bolsheviks, was attempted. The basis of this project was the specific ideas of socialists to achieve progress in agriculture only through the maximum centralization of agricultural production and the nationalization of land, eliminating any private land ownership. The assessment of the Soviet legislative acts related to the introduction of collective forms of land management and state management of the rural economy stands out in this description. It is noted that during the first three years of the revolution's development, decisive steps were taken to implement this project. However, the practical results clearly revealed their utopian nature. By 1921, the development of agriculture, as well as other sectors on the basis of governmentalization led to a general political crisis in the country and the need to introduce the New Economic Policy. The role of the first organizers of the Soviet agrarian system, the people's commissars of agriculture of the RSFSR, is highlighted. Some biographical information about them is given, and their political views on the ways of solving the land issue in the country are evaluated. The article provides an original interpretation of the first revolutionary transformations of the agrarian economy of Russia, as well as the participation of the people's commissars of agriculture in them.