Irrigation with activated water is an innovative approach to its use. In biology, the oxidation-reduction potential is expressed through the rH₂ index, which reflects the oxygen-hydrogen equilibrium – the pH of the environment. This indicator demonstrates the ratio between the concentrations of hydrogen ions (H⁺) and hydroxide (OH⁻) and can be used as a generalized indicator of the degree of water activation. Previously conducted experiments confirmed an increase in glucose synthesis when fertilizing with activated water. Such an increase was: for the Japanese cabbage of the Mizuna variety 26.7% (anolyte) and 24.1% (catholyte), for vegetable peas of the Zima variety 39.7% (anolyte) and 7.9% (catholyte), for cucumbers of the Vse Putem variety 33.3% (anolyte) and 25.0% (catholyte). The purpose of this study was to study the effect of the properties of activated water on the characteristics of mineral nutrient solutions in terms of their NPK content, as well as the dynamics of the removal of these macronutrients from the nutrient solution. In the study of nutrient solutions based on activated water, the complex mineral fertilizer "Universal NPK 11-12-17" was used as the starting material. To study the solubility of the fertilizers in activated water, the concentration of nutrient solutions by NPK was measured for different levels of water activation. When studying the dynamics of macronutrient removal from a nutrient solution based on activated water during hydroponic cultivation, changes in the concentration of macronutrients in the nutrient solution were monitored due to their consumption by plants during growth. The analysis showed that the use of activated water makes it possible to reduce the concentration of essential minerals in the solution to a level similar to a conventional aqueous solution, with is significantly lower than the fertilizer costs. These savings range from 20 to 28%, depending on the degree of water activation, averaging 25%.

The results of research for 2021–2023 on the study of yields, technological and baking properties of the varieties and populations of diploid winter rye to identify the promising samples in the West Siberian region are presented. The varieties Korotkostebelnaya 69, Sibirskaya 87 and four hybrid populations obtained as a result of selection at the Siberian Research Institute of Plant Growing and Breeding were used as the objects of research. The analysis of variance showed that the external conditions have a major impact on the formation of yields, as well as on the technological indicators (weight of 1000 grains, grain unit and height of the amylogram). A slight inter-variety variability in terms of the weight of 1000 grains, grain unit, total baking score and volume of rye bread was noted. It was found that the studied material meets the production requirements in terms of yield, technological and baking properties, despite the lack of moisture during the years of study. The Sibirskaya 87 variety and population 2 exceeded the standard in terms of the following indicators: yields 4.0 and 4.5 t/ha, baking score – 3.3 and 3.4 points, bread volume – 323.3 and 426.7 cm3, grain unit – 702.7 and 719.7 g/l, the falling-number value – 208.7 and 238.7 seconds, respectively, at the optimal height of the amylogram – 650.0 and 693.3 e.a. The appearance of the bread was characterized by a rough crust with a weak gloss, dark brown color, uneven distribution of pores of different sizes in a soft and elastic crumb. Hybrid population 2, which showed good results in the study, was created using varieties of the Russian and foreign selection (Korotkostebelnaya 69, Othello and Alpha), which are distinguished by high baking qualities, which indicates the importance of selecting the source material when planning breeding work.

The objectives of the study are to study competitive test samples for economically valuable traits, as well as to identify the most valuable genotypes for use in breeding and transfer to the state variety testing procedure. The experiments were carried out on a fallow predecessor in 2020–2022 in the forest-steppe zone on the fields of the Krasnoyarsk Research Institute of Agriculture. The objects of the study were 22 competitive test samples, represented by the varieties and selection samples of spring soft wheat of various maturity groups. The set also included the following standard varieties: Altayskaya 70 (middle-early), Altayskaya 75 (medium-maturing) and Svirel (middle-late). The growing season length, yield and the main elements of its structure, grain at the final stage of selection quality, resistance to diseases and lodging were studied. The influence of the growing season and structural elements on productivity and their interaction was revealed. The level of wheat productivity mainly depends on the conditions of the growing season. The contribution of the environmental factor was 79.2%, the variety 4.3%, the interaction of factors 9,0%. The average productivity of middle-early samples was 39 c/ha, medium-maturing and middle-late 42 c/ha. There were differences by year. The most significant contribution to the formation of productivity is made by the number of grains per ear. The contribution of the density of the productive stem stand and the weight of 1000 grains is less significant and varies greatly by years. The middle-early sample K-782-2 and medium-maturing K-665-14, K-790-2, K-734-8 were selected for further use in selection for productivity. The best indicators of grain quality were noted in the varieties Kanskaya, Krasnoyarskaya 12, Altayskaya 75 and the selection sample K-712-4. High resistance to loose smut was shown by K-696-7 and K-782-2, to brown rust K-693-2, K-729-9, K-733-3. K-696-7, Altayskaya 70 and Kuraginskaya 2 are more resistant to lodging. The selected samples are widely used in hybridization. The middle-early selection sample K-782-2 was transferred to the State Competitive Variety Trial under the name Beloyarskaya in 2023.

The paper presents an original map of the distribution area and zones of medium and high harmfulness of the green rose aphid Macrosiphum rosae L. on the territory of Russia and the neighboring countries. When creating the map, data from literature sources and proprietary materials on the NorthWest of Russia were used, obtained during the identification of the insects collected from yellow water traps, Malaise traps, suction trap. The data was linked to geographical coordinates based on a Geographic Information System (GIS) created by MapInfo Professional software version 16.0 (Pitney Bowes Software Inc.). The northern boundary of the species' area begins from the Southern border of the Khibiny Mountains, runs along the Central part of the Arkhangelsk region, the southern border of the Komi Republic to the Ural Mountains. The zone of medium harmfulness of the object includes Belarus, most of Ukraine, the Central Chernozem zone of Russia, the North Caucasus, and the Trans-Caucasian region. In the years favorable for the development of the insects, the damage to plants here is 2 points, periodically – 3 points. The zone of high harmfulness includes Moldova, Crimea, the Black Sea coast of the Caucasus, Trans-Caucasian region, and Ukraine. The successful life of aphids in these regions is facilitated by a warm, moderately humid climate, as well as an abundance of forage plants. Roses are damaged in this case by 3 points or higher. In spring, green rose aphids are found in small numbers in Central Asia and Western Kazakhstan. In Western Siberia, there are few individuals of aphid on roses of open and closed ground, as well as on the rosehip. In the Primorsky Territory, the species is found everywhere on various types of rosehips, forming large colonies on young shoots.

Species of Forficulidae (Dermaptera) are insects with a wide trophic spectrum, using living and dead plant and animal material in their diet. There is still uncertainty about the status of many species that may be pests in some agrocenoses and predators in others. The purpose of the study is to generalize and analyze data on the nutrition and stationary distribution of Forficula (F.) vicaria Semenov, 1902 in agrocenoses of the south of the Primorsky Territory. Field research was carried out from early April to late October 2020–2024. When studying food objects, they opened up the fruits of garden, berry and vegetable crops, identified traces of damage and feeding, and laid out bait on the soil. Visual inspection and shaking off trees, shrubs and herbaceous plants were used and possible places of refuge for earwigs were examined. To clarify the trophic relationships of larvae and adults of F. vicaria, one specimen of each of the collected insects was kept in Petri dishes, and photographs of the objects were taken. For the first time, we have determined the stationary distribution of this species in the study area. Studies of the food preferences of F. vicaria have shown that with a low population size, the damage caused to agricultural crops is minimal, and in the Russian Far East, the earwig is involved in the destruction of plant pests. However, one should monitor the abundance of the species in agrocenoses, since during the period of fruit ripening and harvesting, adults are active phytophages and consume fruits and berries, and plant leaves. From late August to mid-September, during the period of reproductive activity, the fruits of vegetable crops are used as feeding and breeding stations for adults. If it is necessary to regulate the population size of F. vicaria in agrocenoses, this work can be carried out in shelters for larvae of I–III instars and wintering nests.

A dense nutrient medium for cultivating the paratuberculosis pathogen has been developed with ingredients of natural origin – extracts from birch wood ash and peat oxidate. The possibility of its use for phenotypic detection of the sensitivity of paratuberculosis mycobacteria to antibacterial drugs has beenstudied. The Lowenstein-Jensen commercial nutrient medium with mycobactin served as an analogue for the preparation of the experimental medium. Analysis of the composition of the extract from birch wood ash and peat oxidate showed the presence of microand macroelements necessary for the vital activity of mycobacteria. When seeding biomaterial from cattle with pathological changes characteristic of paratuberculosis, three mycobacteria cultures were isolated on the experimental and commercial Lowenstein-Jensen nutrient medium with mycobactin. The growth rate of the cultures on the experimental medium was +(1), while on the commercial medium it was +/–(0). Based on microbiological studies, the obtained isolates were classified as M. paratuberculosis. When cultivating suspensions of the standardized strain of M. paratuberculosis and the isolated field isolates, the appearance of primary colony growth on the experimental nutrient medium was noted 3±0.42 days faster than on the commercial one, and intensive growth was noted 7±0.30 days faster. When seeding the biomaterial, the primary growth of mycobacteria identified as M. paratuberculosis on the experimental medium was noted on average 7±0.1 days faster than on the commercial medium, and intensive growth was 3±0.62 days faster. Phenotypic determination of the sensitivity of the standardized strain and field isolates to 11 antibacterial drugs using the disk diffusion method revealed their susceptibility to all antibiotics used and showed the absence of statistically significant differences between the zones of growth inhibition on commercial and experimental nutrient media. It has been established that the experimental nutrient medium has diagnostic efficiency and information content with the possibility of using it for phenotypic detection of the sensitivity of paratuberculosis mycobacteria cultures to antibacterial drugs, while it is cheaper and easier to prepare

In the last decade, many researchers have noted a significant increase in various pathologies in domestic and farm animals caused by saprophytic fungal species. Clinically, they manifest themselves as local lesions of the skin and coat, or are accompanied by systemic lesions of the internal organs of animals. Fungi of the genus Alternaria are most often associated with plant pathologies, although cases of animal diseases caused by the representatives of this genus have been described in the scientific literature. The purpose of the work was to isolate the fungus A. alternata on special nutrient media, to study its cultural, morphological and biological properties. For this purpose, samples of biological material were taken from a horse with clinical signs of skin damage. Molecular genetic studies, species identification and determination of the biological properties of the isolated culture were carried out using approved methodological recommendations and determinants of pathogenic and conditionally pathogenic fungi. The cultural, morphological (phenotypic), keratinolytic, biochemical, and molecular genetic properties of an opportunistic species of the microscopic fungus A. alternata have been studied. The isolate was assigned the number 15.23.7.1H; it formed a greenish-brown airy and various shades of black substrate mycelium. Its microstructures were represented by coffee-brown mycelium and conidia. Biochemical properties were characterized by the ability to absorb mannitol and urea, poor absorption of glucose, and the inability to break down sucrose, maltose, lactose, casein, gelatin, and peptone. It had pronounced β-hemolytic and keratinolytic activity. Molecular genetic studies have established the identity of the nucleotide sequences of isolate 15.23.7.1H of A. alternata with the strain sequences published in GenBank. Its nucleotide sequences are deposited in the GenBank database under the number PV793443.1.

Improving the genetic potential of the Red Steppe breed cows is one of the priority tasks facing the Russian animal breeders involved in the breeding of dairy cattle. In Russia, the breeds permitted for crossbreeding with the Red Steppe breed are the Red Danish, Angler, and Red-and-White Holstein breeds. The article analyzes the influence of different bloodline combinations for the approved breeds of the Russian selection on the duration of economic use and the growth of milk productivity of the Red Steppe cows. For this purpose, the indicators of milk yield, fat and protein content in milk during the entire period of economic use of the Red Steppe breed cows combined into 14 groups depending on the different blood combinations according to the approved improving breeds were studied. The absolute superiority of the Angler-bred cows to 50% and the Holstein-bred cows to 13–25% was revealed. These cows outperformed the representatives of other groups in terms of the duration of economic use by 701–1452 days, in terms of lifetime milk yield by 1.7–3.4 times, as well as in the yield of milk fat and protein, which were maximum in these animals, 1651 and 1379 kg respectively. A longer-term economic use of cows with a predominance of blood in the Angler breed (2.4–6.6 lactation) was established in comparison with the animals with a predominance of Holstein blood (2.3–3.9 lactation). The average daily milk yield for one day of economic use of the cows of all groups ranged from 21.8 to 25.9 kg. High-blooded Angler cows combined with low-blooded Holstein or Red Danish cows showed a desirable positive correlation between milk yield and protein content in milk (0.43–0.66).

Preservation and improvement of aboriginal horse breeds to maintain the diversity of the animal gene pool and improve their productive qualities is a relevant area of development of herd productive horse breeding. A new Argaley type of meat-productivity horses was bred by the method of introductory crossing of mares of the Transbaikal breed with the stallions of the Megezhek breed. This article presents the characteristics of the new type of the Transbaikal horse breed. In the genealogical structure of the Argaley type of horses of the Transbaikal breed, 4 main lines are distinguished (Argali, Chetky, Premiere and Kagor). Adult stallions and mares of the new type are characterized by high live weight and linear measurements. Stallions of the Argaley type surpass purebred analogues of the Transbaikal breed in live weight by 10.2% (p < 0.01), height at the withers – 2.3% (p < 0.05), chest girth – 5.4% (p < 0.001) and metacarpal girth – 7.9% (p < 0.05), mares – by 6.0 (p < 0.05); 1.1; 4.7 (p < 0.01) and 9.4%, respectively. In addition, mares have an advantage in milk productivity by 18.5% (p < 0.01). The colors of horses of the Argaley type are varied, with the main ones predominating: gray (20.3%), dun (13.3%), piebald (12.7%) and roan of various colors (11.9%). Horses of the Transbaikal breed of the Argaley type, in addition to high indicators of live weight and linear measurements, are distinguished by excellent adaptive qualities and reproductive ability. Based on the study of productive and adaptive qualities, assessment of the exterior and constitutional features, the desired type of horses of the created type was identified.

Research is presented on solving a pressing problem in agricultural engineering: the development of an energy-efficient onboard system for the automatic detection of phytopathological plant diseases using computer vision and deep learning methods. The study was conducted in the context of the growing need for intelligent agricultural monitoring technologies capable of functioning in field conditions with limited computing resources. The object of the study is wheat crops examined in the agricultural landscapes of the Republic of Bashkortostan in various phases of vegetation. The scientific novelty lies in the construction of a modified neural network detector architecture based on a lightweight version of YOLO, including low-cost convolutional blocks GhostConv and MBConv, attention modules SE and CBAM, as well as a multi-level feature aggregation structure BiFPN with an additional output P2 to increase sensitivity to small-scale disease symptoms. Unlike the basic YOLOv5s architecture, the proposed solution is optimized for operation on NavQ Plus, Jetson TX2, and Raspberry Pi 4 computing modules. The model was trained on a sample of 7,500 images manually labeled by agricultural specialists for brown and yellow rust. To validate the performance, key metrics were used: Precision, Recall, F1-score, average IoU, FPS, and power efficiency (FPS/W). The experimental results showed the following achievements: F1-score up to 0.978, IoU up to 0.82, processing speed up to 16.8 FPS and power efficiency of 2.7 FPS/W on the NavQ Plus platform. A comparative analysis with the YOLOv5s baseline model confirmed the superiority of the proposed architecture across all key parameters. The developed model can serve as the foundation for building intelligent precision farming solutions, enabling early disease detection and adaptive application of crop protection products with minimal energy and computational costs.

The cause-and-effect relationships of the need to use deep tillage (chiseling) due to the high level of anthropogenic impact on the soil and, as a consequence, the formation of over-compacted soil horizons are given. The compaction of soil horizons mainly consists of the annual use of moldboard tillage, which leads to the formation of a plow pan that prevents moisture from rising from deeper soil layers. Chisel tillage is considered a more energy-intensive technological operation compared to moldboard plowing, but it allows for the loosening of soil horizons and a reduction in the negative impact of erosion processes. The results of experimental studies aimed at finding optimal modes of operation of the chisel working element are presented. The methodology of experimental studies is based on planning a multifactorial experiment using a central compositional plan and randomization of the experiments to eliminate the accumulation of statistical error. The studies were conducted in the conditions of the arid steppe zone of the Rostov region. As a result of processing the experimental data, a regression equation was obtained reflecting the relationship between the traction resistance indicator created by the chisel working body depending on the studied factors of depth and speed of soil cultivation, taking into account three-level variation intervals. A more rational mode of operation has been established at a unit speed from 1.81 to 2.1 m/s. At these speed modes, depending on the depth of soil cultivation by the working element, the traction resistance will vary in the range from 9.23 to 10.42 kN. It has also been found that the working element meets the requirements of agricultural technology for the quality indicators of soil cultivation under these operating modes.

The article presents the results of a study on the inactivation of microorganisms on contaminated bedding material made from plant raw materials used in poultry houses. The purpose of the study was to substantiate rational modes of operation of the plasma torch (a low-temperature plasma generator) providing for the effective inactivation of the bedding material. The source of low-temperature nonequilibrium plasma is an electric spark discharge of alternating current at atmospheric pressure. The structural diagram of a plasma torch and the methods for its adaptation for assessing the level of impact on microorganisms of electromagnetic radiation and chemical compounds formed during an electric spark discharge are described. The main characteristics of the installation for generating low-temperature nonequilibrium plasma are presented, and a study of the flux density of electromagnetic radiation was conducted. The following parameters were measured: the electromagnetic radiation flux density, the processing time of the bedding material, the plasma-forming gas characteristics (temperature, humidity, pressure, etc.), the number of positive and negative aero ions, the concentration of ozone and nitrogen oxides. The controlled parameter was the concentration of free radicals (OH•, O•, H•). For the qualitative and quantitative assessment of the concentration of chemical substances, the radiation spectra of low-temperature nonequilibrium plasma in the UV range of 600–1500 THz were studied. The results of the impact of electromagnetic radiation and active chemicals on pathogenic microorganisms in the bedding material are presented. To determine the most energy-efficient operating mode of the low-temperature nonequilibrium plasma generation unit, experiments were conducted on the inactivation of microorganisms using streamer and torch discharges on various surfaces used as a base for the bedding material.

The results of a study on the assessment of the biological effectiveness of fungicidal soybean seed dressings with different mechanisms of action, taking into account the conditions of the year, are presented. The objective of the study was to establish the influence of seed dressings with different mechanisms of action and seasonal conditions on the development of soybean root rot in field conditions. The studies were conducted in 2020–2024 in the northern forest-steppe conditions of the Novosibirsk region using the generally accepted methods. The field experiment was carried out in four replicates. For the research, the systemic seed dressing agents Bariton (prothioconazole 37.5 g/l + fluoxastrobin 37.5 g/l) at a rate of 1.5 l/t and Scarlet (imazalil + tebuconazole (100 + 60 g/l)) 0.4 l/t were used, as well as contact preparations Maxim (fludioxonil 25 g/l) 2.0 l/t and Delit Pro (pyraclostrobin 200 g/l) 0.5 l/t. On average, over 5 years, the development of root rots in the first half of the growing season exceeded the harmfulness threshold by 2.5–5.3 times, and in the second – by 2.0–3.6 times. The maximum values were recorded in 2022 and 2023 with the highest hydrothermal stress. On average, over 5 years, the biological efficiency of seed treatment reached 67.2% in the germination phase and 36.7% in the flowering phase in the variant with the Maxim preparation at 2 l/t. In conditions of moisture deficiency, contact preparations had a higher biological effectiveness against soybean root rot, while in the years with sufficient or excessive moisture, systemic preparations had a higher biological effectiveness.