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Siberian Herald of Agricultural Science

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Vol 53, No 1 (2023)
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AGRICULTURE AND CHEMICALIZATION

5-13 295
Abstract

Evaluation of agroeconomic efficiency of different tillage systems for mustard, cultivated in a grain fallow rotation with the following alternation of crops: complete fallow - winter wheat – spring wheat - mustard is presented. The experiments were made in a field experiment in the forest-steppe zone of the Middle Volga region in 2019-2021. The soil of the experimental plot is slightly leached medium-powered heavy loamy chernozem. Tillage horizon is characterized by the following agrochemical parameters: humus content of 5.8 to 6.1%, the provision of mobile phosphorus is high (226 mg/kg), the potassium is medium (92 mg/kg), the reaction of the soil solution is close to neutral (pH 6.6). The object of the study is the mustard variety Rhapsody, the subject of the study is soil tillage systems. The expediency of replacing the annual classic plowing with a differentiated treatment in the rotation, based on the alternation of deep plowing and surface disc cultivation is established. It positively affects the process of formation of agrophysical, biological and agrochemical properties of soil, contributes to the conservation of productive moisture reserves, and helps to reduce weed infestation of crops. This treatment leads to a significant increase in the yield by 0.11 t/ha, allows for the highest yields of 199% (on average for the backgrounds) and the highest energy factor of 1.33, which is 71 and 22% higher than on the option with the annual mouldboard plowing. It was noted that the used mineral fertilizers at a dose of N30P30K30 did not produce the desired effect. Lack of yield growth led to the formation of negative economic indicators when making mineral fertilizers in all the variants studied, with the exception of differentiated treatment in the rotation. In this variant, the maximum increase in the yield by 0.25 t/ha and the cost of gross output by 7500 rubles/ha, which is 1521 rubles/ha higher than the increased production costs is noted. In the option with annual mouldboard plowing fertilization was accompanied by a decrease in the net income and profitability levels by 965 rubles/ha and 75% relative to the non-fertilized background, indicating that the unprofitable use of fertilizers.

PLANT GROWING AND BREEDING

14-22 271
Abstract

The results of the studies on the effectiveness of alfalfa symbiosis varieties created by different methods are presented. Some peculiarities of plant-rhizobial interactions are identified. When alfalfa was grown in low- and near-neutral soils (pH 5.1-6.0), the highest increase in dry matter yield was achieved by pre-sowing inoculation with the CXM 412b strain, and on strongly and moderately acidic soils (pH 4.1-5.0) by the CXM 404b strain. In the year of sowing, the efficiency of symbiosis was at least 25%, and the yield reduction to the control level occurred during 3-4 years of use. Strain СХМ 404b has the unique ability to increase the seed productivity of different varieties under different growing conditions by 23-56%, other strains - by 3-32%. It was found that the productivity of variety microbial systems is mainly determined by the strain of nodule bacteria (the effect of inoculation was 60-62%). No relationship between the yield of the aboveground biomass and its crude protein content was found. The correlation coefficients obtained in the different field experiments were -0.41 ± 0.34 to 0.26 ± 0.39. Pre-sowing inoculation with highly active rhizobia strains of alfalfa variegated seeds of Selena, Agnia, Taisia, created using the methods of conjugate symbiotic breeding, increased the yield in the year of sowing by 26-35% in dry matter and by 44-56% in seeds. The yield of Vega 87, Lugovaya 67, Pastbishnaya 88, and Nakhodka varieties created by traditional methods increased by 3-20% in dry matter and by 23-29% in seeds. Pre-sowing inoculation with active rhizobia strains of alfalfa cultivars created by symbiotic breeding methods increased the yield in the first year of use by 46-128% in plots where alfalfa was not grown before and by 32-35% in the crop rotation with high alfalfa crop saturation.

23-28 398
Abstract

The data on morphobiological features and the main indicators of quality of the grain variety Civil are presented. The results of competitive testing are given, and the adaptability of the variety to different conditions of cultivation is shown. The need to develop early-ripening soybean varieties for agricultural production in the northern regions of Russia is noted, since the varieties with a growing season of 110-125 days do not ripen. Breeding work on soybean varieties was carried out at the experimental site under field conditions. The soil of the experimental field is gray forest heavy loam with a humus content of 4.1, close to neutral (with a soil solution reaction of 5.7), with a high content of mobile phosphorus and exchangeable potassium. The new variety Civil has a growing season of 83-105 days. The soybean variety of the northern ecotype Civil (breeding number 116 4/7-1sk) was bred by multiple individual selection in a hybrid population of F3-F8 obtained from the offspring of Chera-1 x SOUTH 30. The variety has been included in the State Register of Breeding Achievements of the Russian Federation since 2022 for the Central region (3). The new variety is characterized by early maturity, high yield, its potential yield exceeds 3.8 tons of grain/ha. The Civil variety differs from the zoned varieties by an increased oil content. The fat content in soybean seeds of this variety reaches 24%, which is 1.8% higher than that of the SibNIIK 315 standard variety. The inclusion of a new early maturing soybean variety of the northern ecotype Сivil in the soil and climatic conditions of the midland will contribute to the promotion of the crop in the northern regions of Russia.

29-35 184
Abstract

Data from field experiments for 2019-2021 conducted under conditions of the North Kazakhstan region are presented. The methods of improving the elements of cultivation technology of spring rape varieties and hybrids aimed at optimizing the indicators of productivity are shown. The species composition, biological groups of weeds, components of agrophytocenosis and the degree of weed infestation of spring rape varieties and hybrids were determined. Basic recordings and observations were made in accordance with the methodology of state variety testing. The following varieties were included in the study: Jubilee, Geros, Maikudyk, Hunter, Mahaon and hybrids: Caliber, Bilder, GEN0009. The study of varieties and hybrids was conducted in two experiments: on the background of two forecrops (complete fallow and spring wheat); by seeding rates (2.0; 2.5 and 3.0 million germinated seeds/ha). The 2019-2021 results show that the degree of infestation depended on the characteristics of the variety or hybrid. It was found that in the experiment on the forecrops the crops of spring rape on complete fallow were slightly cleaner. Due to the implemented agrotechnics, complete fallow allows you to clean the soil from weeds and accumulate moisture in the root layer, but statistically significant differences were not detected. The cleanest crops were the variety Maikudyk (2.6%) and the hybrid Bilder (2.8%). In the second experiment, it was found that increasing seeding rates from 2.0 to 3.0 million germinated seeds/ha led to a gradual decrease in weediness. The variety Maikudyk (degree of weeding 13.9%) and the hybrid Bilder (14.7%) had the lowest weediness in this experiment.

FODDER PRODUCTION

36-44 207
Abstract

The results of yield analysis and biological efficiency of joint cultivation of festulolium and alfalfa with different methods of sowing and nitrogen fertilizers in the forest-steppe zone of Western Siberia are presented. The joint sowing of festulolium with alfalfa at different alternation of rows reduces the yield of green mass by 8.9-15.1% compared to the single-seeded festulolium sowing. Nitrogen application at a dose of 30 kg/ha significantly increased the yield of festulolium mixtures with alfalfa in the variants of inter-row sowing by 21.2% and in the variant of sowing by seed mixture by 20.2% due to the increase of shoots on festulolium plant by 11.1%, and the shoot weight - by 12.5-17.8%. An increase in nitrogen dose to 60 kg/ha significantly increased the yield of festulolium 16.13 t/ha green mass (74.1%) compared with unfertilized background due to an increase in the number of shoots on the plant by 26.6% and an increase in weight per shoot by 30.1%. There was a 21.0-30.2% decrease in the number of shoots of the cereal component in the mixtures and a 76.7-82.1% decrease in the number of shoots of the legume component. At the same time, the shoot mass of festulolium increased by 8.3-42.5%, while that of alfalfa decreased by 54.3-81.5%, indicating its depression. Land equivalent ratio (LER) is higher in the variants with the application of fertilizers. With no nitrogen use, the major share of the factor belongs to festulolium. With the application of small doses of nitrogen, the impact of the legume component increases through increased competitive ratio (CR). At the same time, a positive value of the coefficient of aggressivity (CA) was noted in the cereal component, which characterizes it as the dominant species.

PLANT PROTECTION

45-52 313
Abstract

The results of the study of the effectiveness of plant protection products against powdery mildew (Blumeria graminis) and tan spot (Pyrenophora tritici-repentis) for spring wheat are presented. It has been noted that the probability of mass destruction of crops by phytopathogens is determined by the stock of the infectious beginning of pathogens, the susceptibility of the host plant and the favorable weather conditions for their development and spread. The experiment was carried out using the methods generally accepted in the Russian Federation. During the observation period, the degree of plant damage of more than 20% in the heading phase was noted in 46% of the years of observation (in 2009, 2013, 2014, 2016, 2017). Epiphytotic development of powdery mildew together with brown leaf rust (Puccinia triticina Eriks.) was registered in 2013–2014 and 2016–2017. For 2009–2019 the degree of plant damage of more than 20% in the heading phase was noted in 46% of the years of observation (in 2009, 2013, 2014, 2016, 2017). Effective protection of wheat against powdery mildew (75–87%) was provided by fungicides based on 2–3 active ingredients. The biological effectiveness of the biofungicide (Bacillus subtilis) was manifested only in the years with moderate wheat damage and did not exceed the average level of 58%. It is more expedient to carry out operational control of yellow spotting of wheat leaves with preparations based on such active substances as "azoxystrobin + epoxiconazole", "tebuconazole + propiconazole". The level of statistically significant yield preserved due to fungicidal protection during the years of depression was 5–6%, with a moderate development of leaf diseases due to chemical fungicides - 18%, and the biological product provided an increase in productivity of 9%. During the years of epiphytoties, the chemical protection of crops retained an average of 24% of the wheat yield, polycomponent preparations had the best performance and stability of action, and the biological protection of plants under these conditions was ineffective.

ZOOTECHNICS AND VETERINARY MEDICINE

53-61 296
Abstract

The results of isolation of two strains OVB_T. b-19 and OVB_T. b-20 of a new microscopic fungus species Trichophyton benhamiae from the samples of biological material from cats with clinical signs of dermatomycosis are presented.
This type of fungus was isolated from domestic cats for the first time in Russia. Molecular genetic studies, species identification and determination of the properties of the isolated cultures were carried out using approved methodological recommendations and determinants of pathogenic and opportunistic fungi. The keratinolytic and biochemical activity, cultural-morphological (phenotypic) and molecular-genetic properties of T. benhamiae were studied. Both strains of the fungus were characterized by a variety of phenotypic properties: they formed colonies on the nutrient media that differed in morphology and color of aerial and substrate mycelium. They revealed the similarity of micromorphology: the presence of a septate bamboo-like mycelium with characteristic branching of two-layer macroconidia and microconidia. The studied strains were characterized by similar biochemical properties (pronounced saccharolytic and urease activities) and keratinolytic activity. The identified keratinolytic activity of the T. benhamiae strains indicates their etiological role in the development of dermatomycoses in domestic cats. The phenotypic characteristics fully corresponded to the culture of the microscopic fungus T. benhamiae. Molecular genetic studies revealed that microscopic fungi isolated from cats belonged to the genus Trichophyton, species Benhamiae. Molecular genetic studies established that the sequences of OVB_T. b-19 and OVB_T. b-20 strains that had been obtained were identical. Both strains are listed in the GenBank database with individual numbers in the international NCBI database, ON479483 and ON479484.

62-70 190
Abstract

In the conditions of the Magadan region researches on the use of a feed additive based on seaweeds (Laminaria Bullatelancet-likelargekelp, fucus Fucusevanescens C. Agardh) in combination with lichens (Cladonia alpestris and Cetraria islandica) in the diets of young cattle of mixed cattle were conducted. Experimental and control groups of 15-17-month-old young animals were matched by the pairwise method. The groups included first-generation crossbred Hereford and Aberdeen Angus steers. Young animals of the experimental group received daily feed supplement in addition to the basic diet: kelp in an amount of 120 g/head with lichens 50 g/head/day. The stimulating effect of the supplement on the body is due to the content of a wide range of biologically active substances that are a factor in the growth and development of farm animals and have a positive effect on their immune system. Inclusion of the feed additive into the diets increased the absolute weight gain of the experimental bulls by 5,62 kg, the relative gain by 12,53%, and the average daily gain by 93,8 g (12,55%) as compared to the control bulls (p ≤ 0,001). The relative growth rate according to S. Brody was 1.31% higher in experimental young animals from birth to 17 months of age compared to the control. The use of the feed additive improved the physiological condition and resistance of the young animals of the experimental group. The content of erythrocytes in their blood increased by 0.32 million/μL (5.18%), hemoglobin by 1.1 g/dL (11.48%), and calcium by 0.06 mmol/L (2.37%).

71-79 221
Abstract

A comparative analysis of the adaptation effects of the Porsolt test of fractionated solutions obtained from the products of the larvae of the large wax moth (Galleria mellonella) on biological systems was performed. The method of X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy determined that in the obtained light fraction of the products of larval life there is a high-energy component of N1s spectra (~402.0 eV) and bond energy for carbon in the C-N bond (~286.0 eV), which indicates the presence of protonated amino groups in the samples. Absorption at 1700 cm-1 can be attributed to the presence of dicarboxylic amino acids (glutamic and aspartic) and other organic acids, which are much less in the heavy fraction. During oral administration of the studied extracts, their multidirectional effect on the intestines of laboratory mice was found. The negative effect of heavy fraction on the microbiocenosis of the intestine by the qualitative composition of the microflora was detected. When the light fraction is used, the intestinal microflora is close to the control. Analysis of the number of leukocytes of the small intestine when the fractions were injected reflected the local immune response of the body. The content of these cells on the mucosal plate of mice injected with the lung fraction was 67.2% higher than that of the control mice (p ≤ 0.05). The content of leukocytes on the own plate of the mucosa of mice injected with the heavy fraction was 2.7 times higher compared to the control, indicating an inflammatory reaction. The difference between the experimental groups is significant (p ≤ 0.001). The comparative effect of the fractions showed that their oral administration had a different effect on the swimming time compared to the control. After 20 days of the experiment, mice injected with the heavy fraction had significantly increased their swimming time compared to the first day (p ≤ 0.05). However, a negative adaptogenic effect compared to the control group is noticeable. A significant difference was found between the results on the 30th day between the experimental groups, which indicates a pronounced difference in the results obtained.

80-86 153
Abstract

The results of the assessment of individual genetic variability in young female short-haired mink at different biological periods are presented. The experiments were conducted under the conditions of the existing technology of housing and feeding in 2019, 2020. For the experiment, two groups of 40 rearing females (at the age of 2 months) of the short-haired mink of the standard black breed (Neovison vison) were formed. The control group of females at the age of 2-4 months was fed according to the recommended energy standards. The experimental group of females was limited in the level of feeding (in terms of energy) by 10.0%. The frequency of erythrocytes containing microkernels in the peripheral blood of females was found to depend on the level of feeding during different periods of ontogenesis and the reproductive cycle phases. This method can be used to predict the reproductive success of female minks. The frequency of erythrocytes with microkernels in the rearing female minks of the control group at the age of 4 months during the formation of their reproductive functions was 2 times higher than in the experimental group (2.97 ± 0.42 vs. 6.01 ± 2.75‰). At the age of puberty (10 months) the frequency of erythrocytes with microkernels in rearing females is statistically significantly higher - 14,36 ± 1,87-14,89 ± 3,67‰ (p < 0,05; p < 0,01), than at the age of 4 months. The following productivity indices were obtained in the studied females of the control and experimental groups: the fertility of females - 5,63 ± 0,64 and 5,67 ± 0,77 pups, the yield of pups per a main female - 4,4 ± 0,77 and 4,67 ± 0,85 pups respectively. There were no unbred females and those which mated with males but did not have a litter in the experimental group, and the yield of pups per a female was 0,27 more. The microkernel test can be used to assess the stability of the genetic apparatus during different phases of the reproductive cycle of female minks and predict the reproductive success of females.

87-93 203
Abstract

The results of the study to determine the virulence of production strains and epizootic isolates of Escherichia coli isolated in the Moscow and Tula regions in livestock farms and in the private sector from 2016 to 2022 are presented. In the experiment, the virulence of Escherichia coli was studied by determining the LD50 of Escherichia coli isolates for biological test systems. The most virulent strain from the museum collection was E. coli No. TP-85; the most avirulent were E. coli No. 727 and E. coli No. D616. The isolates selected by us showed the following results: the most virulent were E. coli 22/20, E. coli 3/16, E. сoli 20/20, E. coli 24/21 – E. coli 7/16, E. coli 19/2, E. coli 18/20, E. coli 9/17, E. coli 5/16, E. coli 28/21, E. coli 29/21. Avirulent were the isolates E. coli 25/21 and E. coli 17/20. LD50 for them was 22,36 × 108. The study of museum strains of E. coli isolates compared with the isolates obtained in the Moscow and Tula regions led to the conclusion that during long-term storage of collection strains, their virulence decreases. The tendency of strains to lose their physicochemical properties (stability) during lyophilization has also been noted. There could be several reasons for this: imperfect control and storage at different stages of the culture life cycle; improper lyophilization drying when strains were not deep-frozen; and failure to follow drying steps, which over time led to a change in the genetic structure of the strain.

MECHANISATION, AUTOMATION, MODELLING AND DATAWARE

94-103 199
Abstract

Harvesting of flax for fiber and seed production is carried out depending on the specific conditions by different technologies: direct, separate and factory. A technical and technological study of separate harvesting of flax fiber by improving the basic conceptual scheme of the picker-combing machine is presented. The traditional technologies of harvesting flax fiber and technical means that ensure the implementation of technological operations related to the separate technology of harvesting are considered. Disadvantages of the technical means used in the separate harvesting technology of flax fiber are revealed. They consist in varying degrees of impact of threshing and separating combing bodies of harvesting machines of both rake and rotor type on the stems, which causes uneven curing along their length and leads to the deterioration of fiber quality, reduction of the number of extra valuable long fiber and losses of the seed part of the crop. A conceptual scheme of the basic threshing and separating device of a roll-fulling type for separate technology of flax fiber harvesting by improving the picker- combing machine is proposed. The proposed device variant provides simultaneous threshing of flax fiber strips and creates favorable conditions for quality curing of straw to the state of flax straw simultaneously along the entire stalk length by its uniform conditioning in the gaps between the rubberized rollers. The combing header equipped with a threshing and separating device of the roll-fulling type allows to separate the seeds from the uncombed flax strip regardless of the location of the seed part relative to the movement direction of the harvesting machine. Versatility, simplicity and wide range of application of the threshing and separating device of the roll-fulling type are reasonable to use when designing machines for harvesting flax fiber for direct, separate and factory harvesting technologies.

104-110 238
Abstract

Evaluation of the depth of seeding cereal crops after sowing by units equipped with tyne coulters and tine cultivators under different soil moisture conditions in the steppe zone of Siberia is given. The studies were conducted from 2018 to 2021 in the steppe zone of the Altai Territory. Soil moisture was determined using an HH-2 electronic moisture meter from Delta-T Devices, the principle of operation of which is based on measuring the electrical conductivity of the soil. The depth of seed placement was determined by the etiolated (clarified) part of the plants. When comparing the results, the value of standard deviations from the average value of seed placement depth was taken, because according to the principle of evaluation it corresponds to the agrotechnical requirements for sowing. The standard deviations from the seed placement depth after sowing by the machines equipped with tyne coulters and tine cultivators found in the soil moisture range from 12 to 40% were analyzed. Standard deviations from the average defined seed placement depth are summarized in scatter diagrams. All deviations from the depth of placement after sowing with these coulters were within the acceptable limits of changes in agrotechnical requirements, which are ± 10 mm. The relationship between deviations from the average depth of seeding and soil moisture at the time of sowing was established. Relationship equations of these indicators are highly significant, as evidenced by high coefficients of determination. These equations will allow agricultural producers of the steppe zone of the Altai Territory with knowledge of soil moisture at the time of sowing to predict its quality component after sprouting, since the uniformity of seed distribution on the depth of seeding affects the crop yield.

FROM THE HISTORY OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCE

111-120 168
Abstract

The materials on the history of the development of documents and the experience of the veterinary service to improve the state veterinary inspection over the safety of products of animal origin in the new economic conditions are presented. Many years of experience in veterinary support of cattle breeding revealed a number of significant shortcomings in the organization of veterinary business: lack of adequate conditions for the work of veterinary specialists of the state veterinary network and farms; imperfect remuneration of labor, veterinary specialists' salary does not depend on the level of their professional training, complexity and quality of work; lack of material and technical support; weak legal protection; imperfect legislation on veterinary services, diversion of specialists to perform unrelated to their profession labor activities, and lack of normal social and living conditions. All this leads to the loss of prestige of the veterinary profession, the outflow of veterinary professionals to other areas of production. Hence the low staffing of veterinary institutions and farms. Scientists and veterinary specialists of Novosibirsk have done work on the search for such forms of organization of veterinary services for cattle breeding. The system of organization of self-supporting associations which can effectively operate in all categories of farms is proposed. The necessary guiding documents for the organization and their subsequent practice have been developed. The experience of selfsupporting veterinary associations in a number of districts showed that labor productivity increased by 1.5-2 times, the workload per veterinary specialist increased and the salary increased accordingly. The work carried out has proved the need to improve the activities of the state veterinary service in the context of economic reforms.

SCIENTIFIC RELATIONS

121-131 199
Abstract

The effect of biological preparations on the initial growth processes of oil flax seeds was studied. The experiment was conducted under laboratory conditions in 2022. Subjects of the study were oil flax variety Dar, biopreparations AgroMik, L (consumption rate for seed pre-sowing treatment 1.0 l/t), Gordebak, L (1.0 l/t), Bactofish, L (1.0 l/t), Bactopin, L (2.0 l/t), Vermix, L (2.0 l/t). Embryonic root length values were examined on day 3 (9.29-14.95 mm in rolls, 20.59-23.33 mm in Petri dishes), day 5 (39.52-50.50 mm in rolls, 40.38-54.48 mm in Petri dishes), and day 7 (92.42-103.15 mm in rolls, 60.36-76.64 mm in Petri dishes). Analysis of the total length of embryonic roots during the 3rd, 5th and 7th days of germination made it possible to identify the preparations Gordebak, L (4687.75 mm), Agromik, L (4712.50 mm) and Bactofish, L (4953.75 mm) as the most effective for germination in rolls; Gordebak, L (3389.25 mm) and Agromik, L (3546.25 mm) for germination in Petri dishes. When measuring the weight of the embryonic root and cotyledons of seven-day-old seedlings, the highest values were obtained in the variants with Agromik, L (0.0345 and 0.0220 g; 0.0108 and 0.0074 g) and Bactofish, L (0.0341 and 0.0211 g; 0.0106 and 0.0067 g). The results show that a seedling development in a roll is more intense than when germinating in Petri dishes. However, similar dynamics was observed: the preparations with a high effect registered when germinating in rolls confirmed it in Petri dishes as well. Therefore, the data will be objective when using any of the methods studied. As the most effective in all variants the preparation Agromic, L. was identified.

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