The results of long-term (1968-2021) experiment on the use of fertilizers for the 10th and 11th rotations of grain and fallow crop rotation in the experimental field of the Kurgan region are presented. Crop rotation included fallow and three crops of wheat. Fertilizer efficiency varied depending on the combination of the nutrients, the place of wheat in the rotation, and the moisture conditions of the growing season. Moderate effect of phosphorus fertilizer and high effect of nitrogen fertilizer on heavy loamy leached chernozem of the experimental field in these rotations was observed on the crops distant from the fallow. The combination of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers gave a higher yield increase. Nitrogen fertilizer also had a positive effect on the quality of wheat, increasing the gluten content and the thousand-kernel weight. With the increase of gluten accumulation in wheat grain against the background of nitrogen fertilizer, the repeatability of wheat quality compliance with the requirements for the 3rd class of grain increased. The effect of fertilizers and the duration of their application on the agrochemical properties of soil became visible. The content of mobile nutrients, humus, total nitrogen and phosphorus increased more noticeably with the use of fertilizers, but the рН_san value decreased. High economic efficiency related to nitrogen fertilizer applied on the second and third wheat after fallow with a payback of 1 kg of nitrogen 12-19 kg of grain. The effect of phosphorus fertilizer was moderate, since the content of mobile Р₂О₅ in the topsoil remained high. The use of ammophos had a stronger effect on the yield of wheat when the plants were well supplied with nitrogen in the first fallow crops.

The results of spring barley assessment by the parameters of adaptability and ecological plasticity in the Krasnoyarsk forest-steppe conditions are presented. The objects of the study, conducted in 2020-2022, were the released varieties and lines of local breeding. The Acha variety was adopted as the standard. The soil of the experimental field is ordinary low-power chernozem. Repetition is fourfold, and the comparison method is paired. Sowing was carried out in optimal time - May 20-25, the seeding rate - 5.5 million germinated seeds/ha. In terms of moisture regime, 2020 and 2021 were excessively wet (HTC = 1.84-1.89), while 2021 was sufficiently wetted. May drought was observed in 2022 (HTC = 0.27). As a result of the research, valuable breeding material was selected. The highest productivity (43.2 c/ha) in relation to the standard showed the line D-7-7057 (L-11-38 × Buyan). The varieties Acha, Krasnoyarsk 80, line D-7-7057 on environmental plasticity were attributed to the intensive type (b_i = 1,17-1,21), the variety Kedr reacted the least to improvement of the growing conditions (b_i = 0,86). The breeding line B-56-6885 (Biom × Sibiryak) was the most stable, characterized by high indices of average yield (41.3 c/ha), environmental stability (S_i² = 417,1, SF = 2,82), breeding value of the genotype (S_c = 6.73), and had average environmental plasticity (b_i = 1.01). Among the varieties of the intensive type, the line D-7-7057 (L-11-38 × Buyan) with the highest yield (43.2 c/ha), medium stability parameters (S_i² = 723,9, SF = 4,02) and increased plasticity (b_i = 1.17) is of greatest interest. During the experiment it was found that the main contribution to the formation of the yield is made by the breeding traits associated with crop density (the number of plants before harvesting, productive stem and tillering) and the productivity of individual plants (grain weight per plant, thousand-kernel weight).

The sources of valuable traits for targeted use in the breeding of new winter wheat varieties with improved quality traits are presented. The results of the evaluation of the parent material on the expression of economically valuable features in the collection samples of soft winter wheat are presented. The paper presents data on 31 varieties of different ecological and geographical origin. Field experiments were conducted in 2018-2020 in the breeding rotation under the conditions of the southern zone of the Rostov region. Quality indicators of the varieties: thousand grain weight, protein content, quantity and quality of gluten in the grain, grain unit, total vitreousness, baking properties were determined by standard methods and GOSTs. As a result of the clustering of varieties, it is shown that the breeding program to create adaptive varieties with high grain quality should include as basic parent material the varieties which are included in the 5th and 6th clusters L-19578 (Russia), Etana (Germany), Warwick (Canada), Akter (Germany), MV-15-09 (Hungary), Simonida (Serbia), GK Hollo (Hungary), Webster (Canada), Wisdom (Canada), No. 42 CIMMYT (USA), and KS 96 WGRC 37 (USA). These varieties showed good results in the southern zone of the Rostov region. The other varieties of the collection nursery are recommended to be included in the breeding work in accordance with the principle of complementarity, as mutually complementary varieties in the expression of a particular trait or property.

Studies have been conducted to optimize the process of deep cultivation of the Oyster mushroom mycelium. The process of obtaining mycelium as a seed for cultivation of fruiting bodies of mushrooms has been improved. The effect of different concentrations of magnesium carbonate (Magnesium carbonates) on the growth characteristics of mycelium of the fungus Pleurotus ostreatus during deep cultivation has been studied. The dependence of enzyme activity on the concentration of metal in the nutrient medium of germinating mycelium of oyster mushrooms has been revealed. The method for determining the activity of catalase by spectrophotometric method has been adapted for the studied objects. For the first time the data on the activity of mycelium catalase and superoxide dismutase enzymes in the presence of magnesium carbonate additive have been obtained. It has been found that the application of magnesium carbonate in low concentrations has a positive effect on the growth of mycelial biomass of the fungus Pleurotus ostreatus, since with increasing concentration (Mg²⁺) a decrease in biomass growth rate and catalase activity has been observed, presumably due to the participation of magnesium in creating a certain ionic concentration at which catalase inactivation begins. The possibility of applying the method of multivariate regression in the form of the principal components analysis (PCA) has been studied. The redox state of Pleurotus ostreatus culture at the level of enzyme components of the antioxidant defense system during submerged cultivation of basidomycetes has been analyzed, which showed how the obtained variables with different measurement units are interconnected. The account graphs also clearly indicate the dependence of mycelial growth on the concentration of the additive used. The introduction of the cultivation conditions proposed in this work in the practice of mushroom production potentially contributes to a more successful resistance of macromycetes to biotic and abiotic stress. The results of the research are relevant to the development of the fundamentals of the science of fungi.

Developed immunobiological preparations for the prevention of infectious diseases in herd horses are presented. Infectious diseases of horses are registered in almost all countries in Asia, Europe and America. In Russia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, and Mongolia, the most common diseases are strangles of horses, rhinopneumonia, and salmonella abortion, which cause significant economic damage to herd horse breeding. Various monovaccines are developed and produced in foreign countries, most of them have no use in Russia. We have found a simultaneous disease of mares with rhinopneumonia and salmonellosis, as well as young horses with rhinopneumonia, salmonellosis and strangles. In this regard, the development of monovaccines and combined immunobiological preparations is becoming an urgent problem. Immunogenicity of infectious vaccines should be enhanced by immunomodulators, especially in the extreme conditions of herd horse breeding. At a time when antibiotic-resistant strains of microorganisms are a problem, alternative antibacterial agents should be developed: probiotics and bacteriophages. Eight new microbial strains have been isolated, identified, and deposited in all-Russian collections. Sahabaktisubtil probiotic has been developed, which is used to prevent and treat dysbacteriosis, mycotoxicosis, strangles, leptospirosis, decontamination of manure. New effective vaccine preparations and “Yakutskaya Koumissnaya” starter culture have been developed that can be successfully used to increase the productivity of horse breeding in other regions of the Russian Federation and abroad. Scientific and technical documentation was prepared for inactivated vaccine against rhinopneumonia, combined bivalent and trivalent vaccines. The developed immunobiological preparations are protected by 48 patents for invention and can be used in other countries.

An overview of the main world advances in editing the pig genome using the CRISPR/Cas9 system, in particular the modification of the genes (MSTN, IGF2, ZBED6, UCP1, LGALS12, APOE, vWF) to improve productivity and economic properties as well as the disease resistance genes (APN, CD163, SRCR5, RSAD2) in pigs is presented. It is of great interest to study the experience of using this innovative tool to produce pigs with specified traits. The development of molecular genetic research and the discovery of gene-phenotype relationships has provided the platform needed to modify specific genes to significantly shorten the reproductive cycles and improve the efficiency of pig breeding. The relatively recent CRISP/Cas9 system has already found use in many advanced fields of research, but its application is limited in the challenges of pig breeding, including the production of transgenic pigs. It is due to the fact that there are ethical and regulatory issues associated with genetically-edited products and the potential non-target effects of CRISPR/Cas9 that need to be investigated. Genomic editing technology is actively developing worldwide. Russia is implementing the 2019-2027 genetic technology development program. The main goal of the program is to comprehensively address the problems of accelerated development of genetic technologies, including genetic editing technologies. Obtaining results through genomic editing of farm animal lines with new, improved properties is one of the program’s target indicators. CRISPR/Cas9 can be used to improve pig performance characteristics such as resistance to disease, thermoregulation, improved meat yield and quality.

The results of the comparative assessment of productivity, reproductive ability and profitability of milk production when using cows of the Red Steppe breed and the crossbreeds of different blood relationship by the Holstein breed of the Red-and-White color type are presented. The studies of economically useful traits and profitability were conducted in 2019-2022. The objects of the research were representatives of the Red Steppe breed (control), mixtures with 50% (1st experimental group) and 75% of the blood of the Holstein Red-and-White color type (2nd experimental group). The superiority of the crossbred heifers over their herd mates of the Red Steppe breed in terms of milk yield was established: for the 1st lactation it was 605-673 kg (p > 0.999), for the 2nd lactation it was 714-788 kg (p > 0.999), for the 3rd lactation it was 817-868 kg (p > 0.999). The highest coefficient of the milk yield was observed in Holstein F1 and F2 crossbreeds (9.4-9.7 kg), whose average advantage during all lactations ranged from 0.9-1.2 kg (p > 0.95-0.99). In all analyzed service-periods, the highest fertilization rate after the first insemination was demonstrated by the Red Steppe breed animals; as a result, their semen consumption was on average 0.2-0.5 doses lower than that of the Holstein crossbreeds of different blood relationship. Cows of the Red Steppe breed had the highest reproductive ability coefficient 0.98-1.01 units vs. 0.85-0.95 units for crossbred cows. The analysis of the feed efficiency shows lower costs per unit production by cows of the first and second generations, in which they were 0.95-0.98 EFU, which is lower than in the Red Steppe breed peers, by 1.11-1.12 EFU. Milk production by half-blooded crossbreeds was more profitable 30.8-32.9% with no significant differences between the Red Steppe and high-blooded Holstein individuals.

The dynamics of recuperation work on the example of two farms similar in economic and production and technological characteristics of the Novosibirsk region were studied. The data on leukemia at the time of the beginning of active recuperation work and the results after several years were presented. The infection rates of the livestock by different age groups and in different parts of the studied farms were analyzed for 2017-2022. The infection rate of cows on the farms tended to decrease slightly from 2017 to 2019 and was in the range of 8-4%. The infection rate of the heifers was 5-12%. Registration of new cases of serology response in the group of the calves in the farm No. 1 decreased from 9.9 to 4.9%, in the farm No. 2 from 14.2 to 7.1%. The positive dynamics of implementation of the recovery plan using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for serological diagnosis was shown. After switching from the immunodiffusion in agar gel reaction (AGID) to ELISA and its first use, the number of newly detected animals increased in all age groups in both farms compared to the previous period. In subsequent studies, the percentage of new cases decreased significantly. Physical separation of the groups of animals with different statuses, placing them in different sections and clear control with the immediate exclusion of infected animals from the production process led to a noticeable improvement in the epizootic situation on the farm. Aspects causing delay in sanitation work were noted, in particular, untimely separation of animals into groups after serological diagnosis and establishment of their infection status. Complete replacement of infected cattle in unhealthy herds or wards by groups of serology-negative animals can significantly reduce the recovery period, especially at the final stage.

The issue of productivity of modern models of grain harvesters produced by OOO Rostselmash and OAO Gomselmash in connection with the nomenclature of reapers supplied to them for direct harvestering and depending on the grain crop yields typical for the Siberian region was considered. To determine the rational composition of the harvesting unit from the list of models under consideration, the models of combines, the loading of which can be provided in the Siberian region at a level close to or equal to the maximum productivity, were determined by calculation and graphical method. It was found that on condition of using 9,0 m wide reapers with Russian models of combine harvesters and 9,2 m with Byelorussian models, for harvesting works it is rational to use Vector 410 with the yield of 1,8-2,4 t/ha and GS 10 PRO with the yield of 2,45-3,00 t/ha. In this case, their technical potential can be fully realized and the maximum productivity in terms of both harvested area and threshed grain can be ensured. The use of more productive combine harvesters for direct harvesters in Siberia is not always justified, because at the current level of grain yields here their technical potential cannot be fully realized. On the basis of the research, diagrams were obtained, which can be used to select the harvesting machine “combine harvester + reaper”, taking into account the level of yield and the contour of fields in a particular farm, varying the coverage of the reaper.

A new source of vegetable raw materials for the food industry has appeared on the Russian market - amaranth grain and products of its processing, which have a valuable chemical composition, high nutritional and biological value, containing a wide range of physiologically functional nutrients. The studies on the effect of different ratios of the grinding mixture of wheat and amaranth grains on the chemical and physico-chemical properties of wheat-amaranth flour as a result of their joint processing are presented. The object of the study was the grain of winter wheat of the variety Nemchinovskaya 85 and the grain of amaranth of the variety Voronezhsky. Processing of the control sample of common wheat and milling wheat-amaranth mixtures of various ratios was carried out in the laboratory grinding mills (LGM-4) with threaded (for break systems) and smooth microroughened rollers (for grinding systems). It has been found that in the control sample of wheat flour, the weighted average content of fat and protein was 1.12% and 11.57%, respectively, with the addition of 5% amaranth to the grinding wheat-amaranth grain mixture, the weighted average fat content in wheat-amaranth flour was 2.47 %, and the protein content - 12.55%, with the addition of 10% amaranth to the grinding wheat-amaranth grain mixture, the weighted average fat content of wheat-amaranth flour was 3.13%, and the protein content - 12.66%, with the addition of 15% amaranth in the milled wheat-amaranth grain mixture, the weighted average fat content in wheat-amaranth flour was 3.88%, and the protein content was 13.34%, with the addition of 20% amaranth to the milled wheat-amaranth grain mixture, the weighted average fat content in wheat-amaranth flour was 4.29%, and the protein content was 13.78%, respectively. It has been found that the addition of amaranth grain to the milled wheat-amaranth mixture up to 20% of amaranth grain significantly increases the yield of wheat-amaranth flour. It has been established that the addition of amaranth grain to the grinding grain mixture makes it possible to increase the fat content in wheat-amaranth flour by 282.1% and the protein content by 18.4% compared to the control wheat flour.

Data on the genetic variability of genomic DNA from two species of camels (Dromedary and Bactrian) are presented. It is noted that these animal species are of great importance in a number of southern countries, they are used as farm animals (milk, meat, wool), as draft, riding and sports animals. At present, much attention is paid to the study of camels in order to identify their genetic characteristics that can be used in breeding work. One of the research methods is multilocus analysis using labeled oligonucleotide probes. The latter selectively hybridize in separate regions of genomic DNA, leading to the appearance of specific genetic profiles characteristic of each individual. Labeling the probe with digoxigenin makes it possible to detect the results of hybridization on the filter. After the reaction of molecular hybridization of the probe with genomic DNA of camels, from 3 to 15 DNA fragments were detected, while the pattern of hybridization was very different in Dromedaries and Bactrians, which indicates a significant genetic difference in the organization of genomes. The coefficient of similarity of individuals in Bactrians was significantly higher than in Dromedaries (0.48 versus 0.39); interspecific similarity coefficient in this parameter was only 0.13. The calculation of the genetic distance between populations gave a rather high value of 0.305, which is significantly higher than the previously obtained data on cattle (from 0.05 to 0.10). Intrapopulation genetic diversity was assessed by the criterion of average heterozygosity. Calculations showed greater genetic diversity in the dromedary population (H = 0.72), which was indirectly confirmed by a lower similarity coefficient in this group of animals.

The results of research on the development and formation of agrotechnological requirements for producers of agricultural products and technical means used in precision farming in the Republic of Kazakhstan are presented. The existing agrotechnical requirements do not take into account the influence of precision farming systems on the technological parameters when performing technological operations. In the course of the research, databases were formed on agrotechnological parameters required for technological operations, as well as on the machines and equipment used in the precision farming system. Based on the generated databases, agrotechnological requirements were developed for the producers of agricultural products and technical means used in precision farming systems. Agrotechnological requirements for a machine technological operation consist of five sections: “Purpose”, “Conditions of use”, “Forecrops”, “Previous and subsequent operations”, “Agrotechnological requirements for the quality of performance”, “Agrotechnological requirements for the equipment”. The first section provides information explaining what this technological operation is intended for; the second section tells about climatic and soil conditions, moisture content of seeds, fertilizers, the condition of the material being harvested; the third section gives various necessary information; the fourth section presents the requirements for the quality of the technological process; the fifth section provides the following information: type of the working body, working speed, process reliability coefficients, shift time utilization coefficient, readiness coefficient, unit driving accuracy (deviation from a given direction of movement) without navigation aids, parallel and automatic driving systems with deviation from a given direction of movement and other precision farming systems for better and more efficient execution of the technological process, road clearance, the transport speed of movement and the requirements for the design of an agricultural machine (tool).