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Siberian Herald of Agricultural Science

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Vol 49, No 5 (2019)
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AGRICULTURE AND CHEMICALIZATION

5-10 329
Abstract

The results of studies on the effect of bare and green-manured fallow (melilot, peas, peas + oats), as well as methods of placing green manure crops and manure (plowed to a depth of 18–20 cm and cultivated at 8–10 cm) on the fertility and productivity of dark chestnut soil are presented. Field experiment took place in the steppe zone of the Republic of Tuva. The weather conditions during the study period were noted as characteristic for the conditions of the steppe zone: 2016 and 2017 were arid, whereas 2018 was wet. Bare fallow was more effective for the accumulation of productive moisture than green-manured one both in autumn and in spring before sowing spring wheat. In autumn, after bare fallow, the moisture content was higher by 14.7%, in spring by 32.8%. The surface placement of green manure crops contributed to a lesser desiccation of the soil. The best supply of nitrate nitrogen before sowing wheat was noted in fallow fi elds with manure and melilot (17.1-15.6 mg/kg). Methods of placing organic fertilizers did not affect the nitrate content in the soil. The yield of spring wheat was affected by preceding crops and methods of placing fertilizers. The highest yield of spring wheat was obtained in the bare-fallowed fertilized fi eld, which was by 0.2–0.5 t/ha higher than with all types of bare or green-manured fallow. Deep (18–20 cm) placement of manure increased the yield of spring wheat by 0.2 t/ha (10.5%). Placement of green-manured crops on the surface made it possible, on average during the experiment, to increase this indicator by 0.1–0.3 t/ ha (7.1–20%).

PLANT GROWING AND BREEDING

11-20 513
Abstract

The assessment results of 106 samples of spring barley from the collection of the N.I. Vavilov AllRussian Institute of Plant Genetic Resources are presented. The effect of morphometric parameters of their productivity elements on the yield formation and the degree of their correlation is shown. The studies were conducted in 2016–2018 in a collection nursery in the forest-steppe zone of Kemerovo region. During the years of research, the meteorological conditions of the growing season were characterized by an acute moisture defi cit in May and June in 2016 and 2017 (hydrothermal coeffi cient HTC from 0.37 to 0.50) and then by excessive moisture level in 2018 (in June HTC = 2.41, in July HTC = 1.92). A signifi cant excess of yield compared to the standard Biome variety was found in two samples of spring barley from the Czech Republic: Jubilant and Svit (80.33 g) and a sample from Kazakhstan Ilek 1 (103.3 g). Eight spring barley samples showed excess of yield from a unit area compared to the standard variety from 26.6% to 63.0%. As for the complex of valuable features, the following varieties were revealed: Svit (Czech Republic), Azov (Rostov Region), Ilek 1, Ilek 16 (Kazakhstan), Shukran (Krasnodar). The closest relationship was established between the yield of spring barley and the morphometric indicators of the elements of its productivity: the number of productive stems per unit area (r = 0.8728), the biomass of the root system (r = 0.3598), the mass of 1000 grains (r = 0.3273), spike productivity (r = 0.3820). Varieties with the highest degree of economically valuable traits, selected from hybrid populations of VIR, are advisable to use for the breeding process in the soil and climatic conditions of Kemerovo region.

21-27 304
Abstract

The results of the study (2016–2018) of the blackcurrant initial breeding material in yield, winter hardiness, resistance to powdery mildew and blackcurrant gall mite in Central Yakutia are presented. The observations were carried out in a breeding garden with a planting scheme of 2 × 1 m. Objects of the research were 90 hybrids of blackcurrant. The studied hybrid forms were divided into 5 genetic groups of different origin, obtained from intercultivar, intraspecifi c, and interspecifi c crosses of descendants of the European (Ribes nigrum ssp. Europaeum (Jancz.)) and Siberian subspecies of blackcurrant (R. nigrum ssp. Sibiricum (E.W.)), Scandinavian currants (R. nigrum ssp. scandicum Hedl.), wild currants (R. dikuscha Fisch. ex Turcz.), few-fl owered currants (R. pausifl orum Turcz. ex Pojark) and recumbent currants (R. procumbens Pall.). The most winter-hardy in the sharply continental climatic conditions of Yakutia are hybrids in the families of the Altaiskaya Late × Yakutskaya (1-2-13), Altaiskaya Late × Lucia (15-13), Podarok Kuzioru × Hara Kytalyk (1-1813, 2-2-13, 2-4-13, 2-16-13), Podarok Kuzioru × Lucia (4-9-13). Resistance to blackcurrant gall mite was shown by hybrid families Altaiskaya Late × Yakutskaya, Altaiskaya Late × Hara Kytalyk, Altaiskaya Late × Lucia, Lama × Hara Kytalyk, Nika × Hara Kytalyk, Sharovidnaya × Hara Kytalyk. American powdery mildew did not affect 78 out of 90 plants of blackcurrant. The hybrids 3-4-13 (Podarok Kuzioru × Hara Kytalyk), 5-13-13 (Sharovidnaya × Hara Kytalyk), 3-11-13, 3-13-13 (Podarok Kuzioru × Pamyati Kyndyla), 516-13, 5-17-13 (Sharovidnaya × Pamyati Kyndyla were characterized by high yields (from 12.5 to 19.4 t/ha). The forms distinguished by individual characteristics can be used in further blackcurrant breeding as sources of economically valuable traits. Hybrid forms 3-4-13 (Podarok Kuzioru × Hara Kytalyk) and 3-6-13, 3-13-13 (Podarok Kuzioru × Pamyati Kyndyla) are of interest as complex sources of high yield, resistance to powdery mildew and blackcurrant gall mite.

28-35 318
Abstract

The results of a comparative study of samples of the garden pea (Pisum sativum L.) by the main economically valuable traits are presented. The objects of the research were 13 breeding lines of peas of various morphotypes (leafy, semi-leafl ess, chameleon). The experiment was conducted in 2016–2018 on leached chernozems in the northern forest-steppe of Western Siberia. The study period was characterized by contrasting weather conditions. Uneven precipitation was noted in 2016, which was higher than the norm in May, but below normal in June. In May 2017, the temperature and precipitation corresponded to the long-term average norm. Abundant rainfall from the period of sowing (the fi rst ten-day period of May) to full ripeness (July) and low average daily air temperature in May characterized the vegetation period of 2018. The best results in short-stalk characteristics and lodging resistance were reached by the line of the semi-leafl ess morphotype Nord × Az-318 (57.5 cm) and Orel × Yamal (57.7 cm). An average positive correlation was established between the height of the plant and the number of pods (r = 0.48 ± 0.20). By the mass of 1000 seeds the best results were shown by leafy lines (188.4 g) and the chameleon morphotype (181.1 g). Between the mass of 1000 seeds and the number of seeds in a pod, an average negative correlation was established (r = –0.63 ± 0.25). In terms of the yield, the chameleon morphotype lines (TM-1552, TM-1504) proved the most productive. The average yield of this morphotype was 280.0 g/m2, leafy lines – 271.4 g/m2 and the lines of the semi-leafl ess morphotype – 254.1 g/m2. A correlation was established between the yield and the studied traits. The yield is moderately positively affected by the number of seeds in a pod (r = 0.55 ± 0.20) and the number of pods in a plant (r = 0.50 ± 0.22). A signifi cant yield advantage was not found between the studied breeding lines. For sustainable production of pea seeds, it is advisable to have a system of varieties of different morphotypes.

PLANT PROTECTION

36-42 281
Abstract

The infl uence of the weather and climatic conditions of the growing season on the prevalence and development of peronosporosis of the soybean in Western Siberia was studied. The studies took place during the growing seasons of 2014–2019. The objects of the research were SibNIIK-315 fodder soybean variety as well as diseases affecting leaves. The layout of the experiment involved conducting fi eld research in combination with mathematical methods for analyzing the data obtained. The parameters determining climatic conditions were the Selyaninov hydrothermal coeffi cient, average temperatures, and the amount of precipitation. For each year of the research, the Selyaninov hydrothermal coeffi cient was determined, a complex of soybean phytopathogens and their main types were identifi ed, the data on the annual prevalence and development of peronosporosis was obtained. The studies have shown the heterogeneity of the main factors affecting soybean. In this regard, it was found necessary to conduct a correlation analysis to identify the relationship between the moisture content of the growing season and soybean susceptibility. According to the results of the correlation analysis, a clear correlation was noted between the prevalence and development of peronosporosis and all the characteristics of the vegetation period in June. This may indicate a high role of the climatic conditions of this month in the formation of disease symptoms. There was a lack of correlation between the development of peronosporosis and the climatic conditions of July and August, which is explained by higher temperatures in these months in all the years of research. At the end of August – beginning of September there is a phase of full ripeness of soybean. In this period, the development of peronosporosis is diffi cult due to the physiological processes of plant wilting, therefore it was almost impossible to trace the connection between the development of the disease and climatic conditions.

43-51 263
Abstract

The results of development of the control system over the population of cotton bollworm Helicoverpa armigera Hbn are presented to protect seed plantings of tobacco with the use of plant isolation. The studies were conducted in the Krasnodar Territory on a tobacco variety Yubileiny novy 142. The regulation of the cotton bollworm population on tobacco seed plantings was carried out by the method of mass capture of male pests with pheromone traps in order to change the gender balance. This was done together with the application of a biopreparation and sowing of a trap crop (corn) to attract and catch butterfl ies at an earlier stage. At a high degree of bollworm population (4–10 specimens / tobacco infl orescence) on non-isolated plants, insecticides based on baculovirus of nuclear polyhedrosis of cotton bollworm FermoVirin XC (in the doze 1.0– 4.0 g/ha) and Helicovex (0.05–0.2 l/ha) were used three times with an interval of 7 days in combination with “male vacuum”. Biological effi ciency was 38– 77 and 62–84% in reducing the number of bollworm larvae, 41–75 and 60–79% in decreasing the damage, respectively. The decrease in the number of bollworm larvae on isolated plants reached 36– 70 and 58–79%, the decrease in damage – 39–69 and 60–72%, respectively. Treatment of seed plots with virus insecticides allowed to save from 22 to 43 kg of the biological yield of tobacco seeds per 1 ha on non-isolated plants and from 21 to 51 kg on isolated plants. With a low number of hatching larvae (14 specimens / 100 plants), a single use of the preparations Bitoxibacillin (Bacillus thuringiensis var. Thuringiensis) and Lepidocide (Bacillus thuringiensis var. Kurstaki) reduced the amount of phytophage by 47–75 and 48–64%, respectively. The system is recommended for use on other crops damaged by cotton bollworm, including in organic farming technologies.

ANIMAL HUSBANDRY ABD VETERINARY SCIENCE

52-60 410
Abstract

The results of studies of the use of rhaponticum carthamoides for feeding dairy cows are presented. The experiment was carried out on Holstein cows of black-and-white breed in Perm Territory. Vitaminherbal fl our from green mass of rhaponticum carthamoides at a dose of 0.4 and 1.0 kg per head per day in the period of 10-16 days before calving and in the fi rst 30 days of lactation was introduced into the feeding rations of two experimental groups of cows. High sugar content in rhaponticum carthamoides (from 4.15 to 11.2% in dry matter and metabolic energy from 10.87 to 12.12 MJ/ kg) was noted. In the studied material from this plant, the content of the 20-hydroxyecdysone was 0.49% of active ingredients in the dry matter of the product at a rate of 0.25%. The introduction of rhaponticum carthamoides in the diet of feeding animals contributed to the increase in the intensity of metabolic processes in the body. A gradual increase in cholesterol levels in all experimental groups was noted. The most signifi cant growth was observed in cows of the second experimental group by 0.82 mmol / l or 29.50% (p <0.01). Compared with the fi rst experimental group, the increase was 0.13 mmol / l or 5.2%, and the control group – 0.36 mmol / l or 14.17%. Stimulation of metabolic processes in the body of cows of the experimental groups had a positive impact on reproduction, which was manifested in the reduction of the service period duration, compared with the control group.

61-66 350
Abstract

Methods of binding antibacterial drugs to the surface of cellulose without the use of oxidizing agents to prevent the occurrence of wound infections have been studied. The immobilization of gentamicin in the complex of partially denatured albumin in the composition with bacterial cellulose has been analyzed. The study was carried out on samples of cellulose synthesized by Gluconacetobacter hansenii. Albumin served as a binding agent, which was used to impregnate cellulose samples, which were then denatured. Using PCR amplifi cation CFX (BioRad), the optimal denaturation temperature was selected. The effectiveness of the immobilization of albumin in the thickness of the cellulose was assessed by staining it with the luminescent dye SYPRO® Ruby Protein Gel Stain, followed by transilluminator detection. Bacterial cellulose impregnated with undenatured albumin was used as a control. Albumin immobilization in bacterial cellulose was observed at temperatures of 65– 95 °C. The antibacterial activity of the complex “cellulose + albumin + gentamicin” was evaluated using a test strain of bacteria Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923. The growth inhibition of the test strain of bacteria was observed in all tests with bacterial cellulose in combination with partially denatured albumin and gentamicin. In control samples, in which gentamicin was not immobilized as part of partially denatured albumin, growth inhibition zones of Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923 were not noted. It was concluded that by partial denaturation of albumin it is possible to delay antibacterial drugs in the thickness of bacterial cellulose for their further release. A new version of the material suitable for the production of implants and bandages based on bacterial cellulose gel with antibacterial properties is proposed. Dressings based on a composite of bacterial cellulose, albumin and gentamicin are most relevant for the treatment of burns. The presence of gentamicin in their composition is also relevant for the prevention of bacterial infections.

67-72 327
Abstract

The results of the work aimed at controlling cattle warble fl y, implemented in the framework of the regional state target program “Development of agricultural production of Irkutsk region” for 20062008, are presented. The analysis was based on the materials of statistical veterinary reports in Irkutsk region for 2004–2018 on cattle hypodermatosis with the calculation of the incidence, the scope of diagnostic studies of cattle and treatment and prophylactic measures. At the fi rst stage of dealing with this disease, the number of diagnostic studies conducted in the spring period was signifi cantly increased. Over 50% of the total number of cattle in the region were examined. Subsequently, the annual coverage of cattle with the purpose of the research into hypodermatosis incidence increased to 70–75%. In 2009 methods for the early diagnosis of cattle hypodermatosis in the system of antiparasitic measures in Irkutsk region were introduced. Since 2006 measures against hypodermatosis have been carried out according to the following scheme: in autumn the entire number of cattle is treated for preventive purposes, and in spring infested animals are given medical treatment. Since 2004, as a result of the implementation of antiparasitic measures, cattle hypodermatosis incidence in the region has been steadily declining in dynamics. Since 2012 to the present, the disease has not been recorded. The analysis showed high cost-effectiveness of measures for the prevention and treatment of cattle hypodermatosis in Irkutsk region. The annual prevented economic damage and economic effi ciency of anti-gadfl y measures during 2004-2011, in 2012 and subsequent years, after the elimination of the disease in the region to the absolute minimum (0%), amounted to 158.5 and 151.4 million rubles respectively. Economic effi ciency per one ruble of the costs invested in the activities equalled 21.2 rubles. Given the biological characteristics of the pathogen, the complete elimination of hypodermatosis is impossible. However, during the implementation of a series of targeted measures for the prevention of cattle warble fl y on the territory of Irkutsk Region, the invasion intensity was minimized.

73-79 265
Abstract

The analysis of the dynamics of changes in serological and hematological blood parameters of cattle over the period of comprehensive healthrelated measures against Bovine Leukemia Virus (BLV) infection is presented to assess their effectiveness. For analysis of the epizootological situation, veterinary reporting data and the results of serological and hematological diagnostics for cattle leukemia were used. The work was performed in three agricultural enterprises of the Siberian Federal District: Irkutsk Region Altai Territory and Novosibirsk Region. According to the principle of an individual approach, a programme of comprehensive diagnostic and health anti-leukemia measures for each enterprise was developed. The main purpose of these measures was to break the epizootic chain in chronic BLV infection and ultimately change the epizootic situation by reducing the percentage of infection in the livestock population. The positive dynamics of the reduction of infected and leukemiasick cattle was shown as part of a complex of antiepizootic measures, which was made possible by a deviation from the generally accepted regulations for serological diagnostics in agar gel (AGID). During the quarterly diagnosis, the infection rate decreased over 2 years from 72.41 to 1.94% in cows and from 66.6% to negative results in heifers of the breeding age. Using a more sensitive method of enzymelinked immunosorbent assay in the recovery of young and repair livestock, it was possible to reduce infection from 20.9 to 4.0% and from 43.0 to 2.7%, respectively. In this case the epizootic situation for BLV infection may be more stable due to the identifi cation of hidden carriers of the infection.

80-87 630
Abstract

The article presents the results of the study on unfavourable locations for animals’ anthrax registered in the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) conducted from 2010 to 2018. The research materials were archival documents of the veterinary service of the Yakutsk region, including written reports from the fi rst veterinarians to the Governor of the region about outbreaks of anthrax among domestic animals and people, statistics on the incidence and mortality rate of anthrax in domestic animals from 1811 to 1993, and data from the census of the population and animals. This work was carried out to compile the cadastre of stationary unfavourable locations for anthrax. During the study period, 739 outbreaks of anthrax among domestic and wild animals in 29 administrative districts and 244 settlements were recorded on the territory of the Republic. Among them, there were 455 unfavourable locations that were not previously included in the Russian Cadastre. The information presented in the cadastre of unfavourable locations for animals’ anthrax includes the name of the settlement and farm (given the administrative and territorial changes of districts, settlements and farm names), the year of registration, the number of unfavourable locations and the animal species. As a basis for compiling this cadastral map, geographical maps of the administrative and territorial divisions of the districts were used. These maps show unfavourable locations with signs and use cartographic, statistical and other methods applied in epizootology and epidemiology. The study of stationary unfavourable locations on the territory of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) has gained particular importance in recent decades. This was facilitated by the intensive development of the country’s economy, accompanied by large-scale development of deposits of diamond, gold, oil, gas, and the construction of railways and Lena and Kolyma federal roads. The construction works take place in the areas including the ones adjacent to stationary unfavourable locations, which therefore requires an assessment of their epidemiological risk. The cadastre of unfavourable locations for animals’ anthrax will enable specialists of Rospotrebnadzor, veterinary and design institutions, employees of the Ministry of Emergencies, municipalities of districts and settlements to develop and implement a set of preventive measures in places unfavourable for anthrax.

88-93 357
Abstract

The paper presents the results of studies on effectiveness of the preparation based on B. subtilis bacteria strains for the disinfection of livestock buildings in the presence of animals. The dynamics of bacterial contamination of livestock buildings was studied using the preparation with an equal combination of B. subtilis TNP-3 and B. subtilis TNP-5 bacteria strains. The work was carried out in the winter at a livestock complex in the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia). For experiments, two experimental and two control sections were organized with six newborn calves in each. The preparation for disinfection was applied by the method of mist spraying. The quality of disinfection was determined after 15 days by the quantity of mesophyll aerobic and facultative anaerobic microorganisms (QMAFAM), bacteria of the Escherichia coli group, staphylococci and microscopic fungi left after washing the fl oor surface in accordance with the approved recommendations. Sanitation of section cells with a preparation containing 1.0 × 109 CFU / cm3 with a fl ow rate of 400 ml / m2 at a temperature of –2 °C to 10 °C inhibited the accumulation of opportunistic microorganisms, including mold and toxigenic fungi. It was noted that QMAFAM decreased by 73.5 times, the number of Escherichia – by 88 times, staphylococci – by 68, fungi of the genus Mucor – by 40 times, Aspergillus fl avus – up to 1.7 × 104 CFU / cm3 in the experimental sections compared to the control. This method of sanitation does not affect the humidity of the livestock building, does not irritate the mucous membranes of the eyes and respiratory tract, and helps to normalize intestinal microbiocenosis. The use of the preparation based on B. subtilis bacteria strains contributes to the prevention of diseases and the preservation of livestock. The method of disinfection in the presence of animals at low positive temperatures in livestock buildings was granted a patent of the Russian Federation for inventions.

BRIEF REPORTS

94-97 238
Abstract

The results of the comparative study of yak blood parameters by amino-acid composition depending on the season of the year are presented. The research was conducted in the Republic of Tuva. The object of research were adult female yaks after the fi rst or more calving. The studied animals were at the pasture in the highlands all year round. The material of the research was whole blood stabilized by heparin and yak serum. Blood was taken in spring and autumn from the jugular vein. The determination of blood biochemical parameters and the biometric processing of the results were carried out by generally accepted methods. 14 amino acids were revealed. Of these, seven are non-essential amino acids (asparagine, serine, glutamine, glycine, alanine, histidine, arginine) and seven are essential (threonine, valine, methionine, isoleucine, leucine, phenylalanine, lysine). The amino-acid content in the blood of yaks living in highlands under low partial pressure did not vary signifi cantly during the study period. The content of non-essential and essential amino acids was recorded in the ratio of 50 : 50, regardless of the season of the year. In autumn, compared to spring, serine content increased 2.43 times, asparagine –1.05 times, valine – 1.07, leucine – 1.07 times. An increase in phenylalanine in the autumn period may indicate its suffi cient content in grass eaten by yaks. Features of the interior indicators of yaks, common in the Republic of Tuva, are the result of their long year-round pasture maintenance in extreme climatic conditions of the highlands.

FROM DISSERTATIONS

98-102 277
Abstract

The results of the study of a probiotic sanitaryhygienic product developed on the basis of sporeforming bacteria of the genus Bacillus are presented. Production experiments on treating the udder of cows after milking were carried out at the livestock complex for commercial production of milk in the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia). For the research, two groups of clinically healthy dairy cows aged 3-4 years (52 animals each) were formed. To treat the nipples of cows’ udder of the experimental group, sanitary-hygienic product «Probiodez 3 + 5» was used developed on the basis of the equal combination of bacterial strain Bacillus. subtilis TNP-3 and B. subtilis TNP-5 with a content of 1.5 × 105 CFU/ cm3. Treatment of cows’ udder of the control group after milking was not performed. The effectiveness of sanitation was taken into account by the quantity of mesophyll aerobic and facultative anaerobic microorganisms (QMAFAM), staphylococci and Escherichia on the skin of the nipples of the udder. There was a decrease in the microbial contamination of the nipples of cows’udder with a daily two-time use of the remedy “Probiodes 3 + 5”. The QMAFAM index of the cows of the experimental group on the day 30 of the experiments was 6.8 × 103 COE / cm3 (a decrease by 57.3 times). In the control group of cows, QMAFAM increased by 2.6 times and amounted to 2.9 × 105 COE/ cm3 (42.6 times higher than the indicators in the experimental group). In the experimental group of cows, the number of staphylococci decreased by 4.4 times, Escherichia – by 25.8 times. The use of «Probiodes 3 + 5» helps to decrease the level of QMAFAM, reduce staphylococci and Escherichia, it has also no side effects and does not cause allergic reactions of the nipples skin of cows’ udder. The scientifi c novelty of the development is confi rmed by obtaining a patent of the Russian Federation «Method for the rehabilitation of the udder of cows using strains of bacteria Bacillus subtilis».



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ISSN 0370-8799 (Print)
ISSN 2658-462X (Online)