The effect of treatment of crops with supramolecular complexes of tebuconazole with plant polysaccharides on the infection and germination of spring wheat grain of a new harvest was studied. The experiment (2018, 2019) was conducted on the crops of varieties Novosibirskaya 31 and Obskaya 2 in the forest-steppe zone of Western Siberia. Crops were treated in the earing phase with tebuconazole mechanocomplexes with licorice root extract (ratio 1: 5, 1:10) and arabinogalactan (1:10) with a flow rate of 0.5 kg/ha. There was a decrease in the development of spike septoria in Novosibirskaya 31 by 97.6-98.5%, in Obskaya 2 by 78.6-98.9%. The biological effectiveness of the application of commercial fungicide Folicur, CE (active ingredient tebuconazole, 250 g/l, consumption rate 1 l/ha) was at a comparable level – 98.5 and 96.8-99.6%, respectively. Tebuconazole complexes with plant polysaccharides proved to be effective in inhibiting black point disease of wheat. Annually, the number of affected wheat caryopses was 1.54 and 1.50 times lower in Novosibirskaya 31 variety and 1.4-1.2 times lower in Obskaya 2 variety in the crops protected by tebuconazole with arabinogalactan compared to the treatment with Folicur, CE. Treatment with mechanocomplexes contributed to the reduction of seed contamination with phytopathogens. Complexes of tebuconazole with licorice root extract and arabinogalactan reduced the rate of infection with helminthosporiasis by 3.8 and 1.7 times (Folicur, CE – 5.5 times). Annually, seed contamination with Fusarium spp. was 8.3 and 3.7 times lower than in the control due to crop protection measures ensured by tebuconazole with arabinogalactan and licorice root extract. In the variants with the use of mechanocomplexes, seed infection with Penicillium spp. decreased. The biological effectiveness of tebuconazole with licorice root extract (1 : 5) was 69.9%, with arabinogalactan (1 : 10) – 58.1%, Folicur, CE – 67.7%. The best germination rate (95.0 and 89%), exceeding that of the standard, was obtained when both wheat varieties were treated with a complex of tebuconazole with licorice root extract (1 : 5). The complexes of tebuconazole with licorice root extract and arabinogalactan created by the mechanochemical method aiming to protect wheat plants from leaf diseases can have a significant healing effect on the emerging grain, improving its sowing qualities

The paper presents the results of the study on the influence of various tillage systems on the weed infestation of soft spring wheat of the Siberian Alliance variety. The study was carried out in a long-term stationary experiment (20152019) preceded by bare and green-manured fallow (rapeseed, melilot) in Kemerovo region. The soil of the experimental plot is classified as leached, medium-textured, medium-humus, heavy-loam chernozem. The following soil tillage systems were studied: deep moldboard, deep combined, minimum combined and minimum moldboard. Weather conditions during the research period were varied. Insufficient water supply during the first vegetation period of soft spring wheat (seedlings – leaf-tube formation) was noted in 2015-2017, with HTC (hydrothermal coefficient) being from 0.37 to 0.56. Excessive water content was observed in 2018 (HTC = 2.41) and moderate hydration – in 2019 (HTC = 1.12). Weed infestation was different in the conditions of each year. The impact of the soil tillage system on the number of weeds during the growing season of common spring wheat accounted for 21.6-90.4%, and their share in the total aboveground mass of the phytocenosis was 39.9-68.3%. The segetal flora in soft spring wheat crops is represented by monocotyledonous and dicotyledonous species with all the studied tillage systems. The highest density of weed vegetation during the tillering phase of soft spring wheat was recorded with deep moldboard soil tillage system (control). A reduction in weed infestation by 2.3 times compared to the control was noted with minimum moldboard soil tillage system preceded by bare fallow, 1.6 times – preceded by green-manured fallow with rapeseed, and 1.7 times – preceded by green-manured fallow with melilot. The same trend was observed in the proportion of weeds in the total aboveground mass of the phytocenosis during the wax ripeness phase of soft spring wheat with deep moldboard tillage system (4.3%), deep combined (3.9), minimum combined (4.1), minimum moldboard (2.6%).

The possibility of increasing the yield of fodder-grain crops in single-species agrocenoses to provide livestock with nutritious highquality feed was studied. The results of field and laboratory studies (2016–2018) on the cultivation of traditional (barley, oats, spring and winter rye) and uncommon fodder crops (triticale, corn) sown as single crops in the forest-steppe zone of Trans-Baikal Territory are presented. The objects of the research were the following recognized varieties of the crops under study: local winter rye Zhitkinskaya, spring rye Onokhoyskaya, oats Metis, barley Anna, triticale Ukro, corn hybrid Obsky 150 CB. The experiment was conducted on meadow chernozem mealy-carbonate soil (light loam by particle size distribution). Poaceous fodder crops were assessed in terms of their adaptability to growing conditions, yield and nutritional value of grain. Their economically valuable characteristics were shown. On average over the years of research, when cultivating traditional and uncommon poaceous crops for fodder grain in single-crop sowings, triticale and corn had an advantage. The grain yield in the experiment was 3.0-5.8 t/ha, collection of fodder units – 3.39-6.13 t/ha, digestible protein 287-494 kg/ha, gross energy – 34.7-60.5 GJ/ha, availability of digestible protein – 85–77 g per one feed unit. Traditional crops were inferior to uncommon crops in terms of grain yield by 0.5-3.3 t/ ha, (on average for the variants of the experiment), feed units – by 0.99-3.73 t/ha, digestible protein – by 85-292 kg/ha, gross energy – by 0.99–35.7 GJ/ha.

The analysis of information sources of HACCP system used in the food industry for assessment of quality and microbiological safety of products is presented. The applicability of the principles of the HACCP system in the technology of producing a protein-carbohydrate composite as a feed product for cattle is analyzed. The research was conducted in 2018–2019 in Novosibirsk region. A brief description of the technology for producing a protein-carbohydrate composite in raw or dried form is given. The technology based on the HACCP principles comprised the control of raw materials, intermediate products, the final product and the operating modes of equipment that implement the technological process. The feed additive was obtained from wheat grains, cheese whey and wheat bran. The methods and results of the study of hazardous factors in individual operations of the technological process, actions to prevent their occurrence, and critical control points in the development of the technology are presented. A list of biological, physical and chemical potential hazards was compiled. Critical control points were established in the technological process. According to the HACCP plan, hazardous factors were monitored for each operation, indicating what corrective actions should be taken to maintain the limits of the controlled process parameters. The actions listed hereabove are aimed at developing a plan of measures to prevent potential hazards. The quality and safety control system developed on the principles of HACCP in the technology for producing a protein-carbohydrate composite enables one to control the quality and safety of the product during all stages of its production.

A review of the literature on the role of cattle coronaviruses in the etiology of various forms of infection in domestic and wild ruminants with constant or temporary contact with chiroptera and humans is presented. Coronaviruses (CoVs) are a large group of enveloped RNA viruses with a genome size of 26.4–31.7 kb. CoVs belong to the subfamily Coronavirinae of the family Coronaviridae of the order Nidovirales and are classified into four genera. They cause three syndromes in cattle: diarrhea of newborn calves, winter dysentery of adult animals, respiratory distress in dairy and meat calves against decline in colostral immunity and pneumonia in calves on feedlots. Bovine-like coronaviruses belong to the species Betacoronavirus 1. They arise as a result of genetic recombination and interspecific transmission, and are variants of cattle coronaviruses that are able to cross interspecific barriers and infect a wide range of domestic and wild ruminants: sheep, goats, water buffalo, camels, deer, giraffes and others, causing damage to the gastrointestinal and respiratory tracts, as well as neurological and liver disorders. The transmission of the virus from cattle to other ruminant species, and vice versa, contributes to the survival and preservation of the virus in nature, leads to new outbreaks of infection and keeps up the evolution of the virus. The constant migration of wild ruminants, caused in particular by human intervention in nature, contributes to the introduction and spread of the virus in new regions, its adaptation to other hosts and formation of new strains. The zoonotic potential of cattle coronaviruses has been studied quite well. The zooanthroponic potential of ruminant coronaviruses remains understudied. Given the high adaptive abilities of the latter, they require closer attention and careful analysis.

The results of studying the influence of the degree of kinship and genetic similarity of parental pairs on meat productivity of Hereford cattle are presented. An increase in homozygosity in herds of Hereford cattle in Siberia may reduce the effectiveness of breeding work. It was found that the selection of parental couples had a significant effect (p < 0.01–0.001) on the formation of offspring meat productivity. Cows from distant inbreeding and outbred (unrelated) parents were superior in live weight by 31–47 kg at the age of 3 and 5 years compared to closely related ones. The highest live weight ratios (16–66 kg) were observed in young animals obtained from outbred selection of parental couples compared to their peers obtained from closely related mating. Bullcalves from 8 to 15 months old, obtained from mating of unrelated parents, exceeded their peers from closely related mating by 105 g (14%), moderately related – by 87 g (11%) and distant by 69 g (9%). Low values of this indicator for the age-group of up to 18 months result from a large number of factors (genotype, maternal milk production, housing conditions) in the initial stage of organism formation. Bull-calves and heifers with an average degree of genetic similarity of parental couples at all ages had better live weight compared to their peers, due to heredity formed from both parents. A dispersion analysis of the data established a reliable effect (p <0.001) of the degree of genetic similarity of the parental pairs on the amount of live weight. The study of the degree of kinship and genetic similarity of parental pairs will allow to obtain the most accurate and reliable data on the breeding value of Hereford cattle of Siberian selection.

The article presents the results of the comparative study of sheep wool productivity of Tuva coarse-haired short-fat-tailed breed and the desired type of Tuva-Saradzha semi-coarse-haired breed. The study was conducted in 2018-2019 in the farms of the Republic of Tuva. For the experiment, two groups of ewes were formed: control (Tuva coarse-haired short-fat-tailed breed) and experimental (Tuva-Saradzha semi-coarse crossbreeds of the desired type). The study of the yield of pure fiber and the physical and technical properties of the wool were carried out according to generally accepted methods. During the study animals were in the same conditions of a year-round pasture management. The amount of wool shorn and the physical and technical properties of wool of Tuva-Saradzha cross-bred ewes and Tuva purebred short-fat-tailed ewes varied significantly. Tuva-Saradzha semi-coarse-haired ewes of the desired type exceeded their peers of Tuva region in terms of greasy wool shorn by 67.4%, and the yield of pure fiber – by 5.6%. When comparing different fractions of wool fibers in the hair of local semi-coarse ewes, the amount of beard hair was 3.3% less, and heterotype hair – 4.4% more than in the wool of Tuva ewes. The study of the fineness of wool fibers showed that in TuvaSaradzha ewes down and heterotype fibers were thicker (21.34; 57.45 μm), and beard hair was thinner (62.34 μm) compared to Tuva ewes. Sheep of semi-coarse breed had the longest hair. Research data on the physical and technical properties of wool of Tuva-Saradzha semi-coarse-haired ewes of the desired type demonstrated good prospects of the breed for the selection process.

The paper presents the results of the study and analysis of the epizootic process of anthrax among domestic animals in the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) from 1853 to 2020. The following indicators of the epizootic process were used in the analysis: incidence rate, mortality and lethality. The object of the study comprised written reports of veterinarians of Yakutsk region to the governor about outbreaks of anthrax among domestic animals and people, quarterly and annual reporting data on the incidence rate and mortality of domestic animals, as well as statistical data on the number of farm animals in the specified period. The highest intensive manifestation of the epizootic process in cattle and horses during the study period was noted in the period until the 40s of the XX century. From the mid-forties, incidence and mortality rates were dynamically declining. The epizootic process of reindeer was characterized by an increase until the end of the 40s (1949), whereas from the 50s to the end of the 70s there was a decrease in the incidence and mortality rates. From 1980 to 1986, another increase in the epizootic process was recorded in the reindeer husbandry, followed by a decrease. Lethality of cattle ranging from 5 to 70% occurred in the period of 1946-1976, horses – in 1945-1993, deer – in 1949-1993. In other adverse years, starting from the official registration of anthrax to the mid-40s (1944-1946), it reached 100%. Overall, intensive manifestation of the epizootic process of anthrax dynamically decreased in the second half of the study period, with the exception of reindeer, in which it increased in 1980–1986 with a subsequent decrease.

The paper presents the analysis results of the methods applied to comparative tests of combine harvesters for threshing grain crops in various climatic zones of Russia. In the USSR, in accordance with the current GOSTs, machine testing stations carried out comparative tests of combines during threshing grain crops with a yield of 4 t/ha by direct combining method in the phase of full ripeness of grain, but no later than 7 days after its onset. At the design stage, the throughput of a combine harvester is calculated taking into account the design parameters of the working bodies of the combine, engine power, thresher width, specific power per unit of throughput, hopper volume and other factors. The classification of combines according to design parameters does not characterize their potential functionality and work efficiency under production conditions with significant fluctuations in the yield of grain crops. It is necessary to comply with the main principle of comparative tests of combines – the identity of their operating conditions. If this principle is violated, it makes no sense to analyze the results. It is necessary to substantiate the methodology of comparative tests of combines in various climatic zones of the country. Given the different yields in certain zones of Russia, especially in the Siberian region, it is necessary to determine not only the nominal throughput for the rational use of the harvester, but also to what extent it can vary depending on harvesting conditions. A technological passport is needed for each combine, which will allow to quickly develop an operation process chart for threshing grain crops in relation to a specific field and taking into account yield and other production efforts. Operation process charts, unlike technological passports, determine the task for performing specific work, subject to technological modes, that ensure high quality products by direct combining and swath harvesting methods with rational loading of the combine thresher. They help to identify actual and estimated cost of grain, taking into account the need in combines and combine operators.

The experience of importing Simmental breed from Austria of beef cattle Hereford breed from Novosibirsk region, red steppe breed from the Altay Territory to the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) is analyzed. Acclimatization of imported livestock to the conditions of the Far North is hard. Of 471 heads of cattle of Austrian Simmental breed imported in 2007, 171 are currently left. The average milk production of cows per head is 2485 litres, the average figure for the Republic is 2364 litres. Of 200 heads of Herefords brought in 20112012, only 32 have remained. A brief description of the milk productivity of the red steppe breed in Yakutia is presented. Milk yield per cow amounted to 2630 litres in six lactations, which is 166 litres higher than the national average. Due to non-compliance with the requirements of the technology of keeping and feeding imported animals, 116 out of 200 imported cows have remained. The hematological parameters of cattle reflecting the state of the body's immune system during acclimatization are given. Adaptation of red steppe cows was difficult, but the hematological parameters corresponded to the physiological norm. Possible ways of developing livestock breeding programme in Yakutia to create a simmentalized Yakut zonal type of cattle, which is distinguished by exceptional adaptive abilities for keeping and feeding conditions, are proposed. Thanks to crossbreeding with Yakut cattle, the acclimatization and further breeding of imported specialized breeds and their crosses is successful. The ways of improving the technology of keeping and feeding cattle on the farms of the Republic are shown.

The paper shows the relevance of following the principles of an organic farming system to obtain environmentally friendly products and environmental protection. One of the important elements of organic farming is scientifically substantiated crop rotation, which ensures soil fertility. Based on the data of long-term research in the Republic of Kazakhstan, it is established that field crops, due to their biological characteristics and depending on the technological methods applied, leave different amounts of root and crop residues in the soil. According to the degree of soil enrichment with organic matter, the crops are arranged in the following sequence (in decreasing ability to structure formation): perennial legumes, winter grains, corn for grain, annual legumes, spring grains and sugar beets. The most favorable effect on light chestnut soils under irrigation conditions in the South-East of Kazakhstan is exerted by alfalfa, which accumulates up to 17 t/ha of root residues in the arable layer of soil containing more than 300 kg/ha of nitrogen, 80 kg/ha of phosphorus and 120 kg/ha of potassium. When straw 2 t/ha + manure 20 t/ha and mineral fertilizers N₂₀P₆₀K₆₀ were applied jointly on irrigated light chestnut soils in the South-East of Kazakhstan, the humus content increased by 0.30-0.39% compared to the control (without fertilizers). An increase in the amount of humus (0.61–0.70%) was observed when using straw 2 t/ha + fertilizers N₂₀P₃₀K₃₀ with green manure plowed in. In the dark chestnut soils of Western Kazakhstan, the application of 80 t/ha of manure per one rotation of a five-course grainfallow crop rotation increased the humus content by 0.23%, or 5.3 t/ha, compared to the control. The use of organic farming elements ensures a deficitfree balance of humus in the system of soil organic fertilizers – plant.

The results of testing (2018–2019) varieties and lines of the spring triticale collection in the south-east of the Republic of Kazakhstan are presented. The study was conducted on 70 samples of domestic and foreign breeding from around the world: Russia, Ukraine, Belarus, Poland, Moldova, Austria, Canada, Argentina, Mexico. The experiment was carried out according to the methodology of the state variety testing of agricultural crops. To identify sources of economically valuable traits of grain, the following indicators were studied: test weight, flour sedimentation, protein and starch content, and falling number. The most valuable samples were identified as the starting material for creating varieties for animal feed and baking. Sources of high test weight (13 samples), sedimentation (five samples), protein content (six samples), starch (eight samples) were selected as the starting material for breeding on grain quality. Based on the assessment of spring triticale collection samples for protein content, flour sedimentation and falling number, the following varieties were selected for baking: Ukro, Korovai Kharikvsky, Addax, No. 7 (Rovnya x Lotos), MX 107. Due to high starch content (above 60%) the following varieties were selected for animal feed: WANAD, Pollmer 2,1,1, Fahad 8-2*2//PTP, Rubik, L 5635, Mieszko, L-105/08, Siskiyou. A positive relationship between starch content and test weight, and a positive correlation of starch content and falling number was revealed. All samples of varieties of spring triticale in the south-east of Kazakhstan formed grain with high falling number in the range of 192–336 s and were rated as first-class grain.