The results of studying the effect of preparations based on chicken manure on the growth and development of oats are presented. Chicken manure contains valuable substances that are easily used by plants, but because of the large number of pathogens, its use can lead to pollution of the environment. Currently, a promising direction is the use of poultry manure after additional treatment. Recycled chicken manure was used in the research using a cavitation-vortex heat generator by distilling dry manure as a 10% solution in water and obtaining various fertilizer samples. The manure was treated at different thermal regimes - 60 and 75 °C, with or without ozone. The effect of organic fertilizers based on chicken manure on soil biological activity and productivity of oats was studied. Numbers of the main groups of microorganisms were established by the conventional method of seeding on nutrient dense media. Soil phytotoxicity was determined according to the test-object recommendations. Oat growth and development were studied during the vegetation period, evaluating the onset of phenological phases, biometric indicators and elements of yield structure. A negative effect of chicken manure on the microflora (the appearance of conditionally phytopathogenic fungi) and phytotoxicity of soil, as well as on the condition of cultivated plants was revealed. The manure processed by distillation into organic fertilizer improves the environmental situation. A positive effect of organic fertilizers based on poultry manure on the phytosanitary state of the soil and nitrogen-fixing activity of the soil was found. An increase in productivity of oats was noted on the background of the application of organic fertilizers. There was a significant increase in green mass and dry matter in the flowering phase of oats by 6.0-6.2 and 1.1-1.7 tons/ha, respectively. Oat grain yield was higher by 0.7-0.8 t/ha, or 20%, compared to the control. 

The results of the study of the effect of root and foliar nutrition on grain yield of maize hybrids are presented. Field experiments were conducted in 2018-2020 in the zone of sufficient moisture of the Stavropol Territory. Root nutrition of plants was carried out under presowing cultivation (in spring) with ammonium nitrate and nitroammonium phosphate at a dose of 30 kg of active agent. Foliar feeding was applied in the 8-leaf phase with Vuxal Macromix fertilizer at a dose of 2.5 l/ha. Fertilizers were studied on the middle-early hybrid Mashuk 220 MV and the mid-season-ripening Mashuk 355 MV. The highest hybrid grain yield in 2018 was obtained from the leaf application of the Vuxal Makromiks fertilizer at a dose of 2.5 l/ha, the increase relative to the control of the hybrid Mashuk 220 MV was 0.89 t/ha, the hybrid Mashuk 355 MV - 1.44 t/ha. In 2019, the highest hybrid grain yield was obtained from the application of ammonium nitrate phosphate fertilizer at a dose of N₃₀P₃₀K₃₀ under pre-sowing cultivation. The grain yield increase of Mashuk 220 MV hybrid was 0.78 t/ha (11.2%), of Mashuk 355 MV hybrid - 0.90 t/ha (11.7%). In 2020, the highest yield of the grain hybrid Mashuk 220 MV was obtained when feeding the plants through the leaves with the Vuxal Macromix fertilizer at a dose of 2.5 l / ha, the hybrid Mashuk 355 MV when applying ammonium nitrate phosphate fertilizer at a dose of N₃₀ under pre-sowing cultivation, the increase amounted to respectively 0.37 t / ha (8.1%) and 0.29 t / ha (6.6%). On average for 2018-2020, the highest hybrid yields were seen with a 2.5 L/ha application of Vuxal Macromix foliar fertilizer. Increase in grain yield of the hybrid Mashuk 220 MV was 0.60 t / ha (11,0%), the hybrid Mashuk 355 MV - 0.63 t / ha (10,5%). Payback of fertilizers by grain when growing hybrid Mashuk 220 MV was higher in the variant of root feeding of plants by fertilizer Vuxal Macromix 2,5 l/ha, for 1 ruble of costs 0,90 ruble of income was received. When growing the hybrid Mashuk 355 MV with the introduction of ammonium nitrate under pre-sowing cultivation at a dose of N₃₀, 1 ruble of costs received 1.69 rubles of income. 

The results of multiannual studies (2017-2021) of winter wheat in the southeast of the Central Chernozem region are presented. The purpose of the work is to study the peculiarities of yield formation and grain quality of the crop in the local natural and climatic conditions. The research material included the varieties Bazalt, Krastal, Chernozemka 130, Chernozemka 115, and Bazalt 2. Yield along with parameters of adaptability, ecological plasticity and stability, as well as protein and gluten content in grain were determined. The correlation dependence of yield, protein and gluten content in grain with air temperature and precipitation during the spring-summer vegetation period was established for each variety. The possibility of obtaining high crop yields in the region with protein and gluten content in the grain not lower than the 3rd class, as well as the variation of the studied indicators by year was shown. The environmental factor limiting the yield and quality of grain in the region, in the spring-summer and autumn periods of the growing season is drought. The key ten-days of the months of spring-summer vegetation (April-July), the hydrothermal conditions of which have a significant impact on the formation of yield, the amount of protein and gluten in the grain, were determined. These include the second ten-day period of April, the second ten-day period of May, the second and third ten-day periods of June, and the first ten-day period of July. Air temperature and precipitation during these ten-day periods have a strong correlation of different directions with grain yield and quality. The quantitative expressions of the correlation coefficients differ by varieties, but their values are close and are within the same dependence group. 

Results of phenotypic evaluation of black currant genetic collection, selected forms, inbred and hybrid progeny by shrub habitus are presented. The possibility of using promising genotypes to produce the progeny with an optimal type of crowns was studied. Studies were conducted in 2017- 2021 in the conditions of the Bryansk region in the plots of the genetic collection, competitive study of selected forms, and hybrid black currant stock. The cultivation of black currants in the collection plantations and on the hybrid plot was carried out in accordance with the common in the Non-Black Earth Zone of Russia agro-technique. The weather conditions of the Bryansk region are typical for the Central region of Russia, the climate is moderately continental. Differentiation of varieties and selected forms by crown shape of plants was carried out. Hybridological analysis of inheritance of shrub habitus trait on the example of nine families from controlled crosses, three populations from self-pollination of genotypes different in shrub shape and three - from free pollination of promising black currant genotypes was performed. Varieties corresponding to the individual parameters of combine berry harvesting technology in terms of shrub habitus, base width, plant height were identified. These include the varieties Litvinovskaya, Myth, Rita, Kudesnik, Kudmig, Ben Hope, Nezhdanchik, Podarok Astakhova, Tamerlan, Tiben, Etyud, Chernavka and others, as well as a number of promising hybrids - 4-94-1, 3-80-01, 4-5-2, 4-19-04, 62-03-7, etc. The phenotypic evaluation of black currant progeny showed that the manifestation of the shrub habitus trait has a significant dependence on the crown type of the genotypes involved in the breeding work. 

Results of the studies (2019-2021) of species composition of the disease complex under conditions of steppe arid zone of Kabardino-Balkaria are presented, which have scientific and practical significance for determining the degree of resistance of winter wheat varieties under study to phytopathogens. Phytosanitary monitoring was conducted on 10 released varieties of winter wheat. The following diseases and their pathogens were identified: pyrenophorosis (Pyrenophora tritici-repentis (Died.)), septoriosis (Septoria tritici Rob. et Desm.), powdery mildew (Erysiphe graminis DC. f. sp.tritici Em. Marchal), brown and yellow rusts (Puccinia recondite Rob. et Desm.f.sp.tritici; P. striiformis West), head smut (Tilletia tritici (Bjerk) Wint), fusarium blight (Fusarium graminearum Schw.) and glume mold (Alternaria tenuis Ness et Fr.; Cladosporium herbarum Fris.). According to the results of the analysis of digital lesion data, no potentially tolerant winter wheat varieties to the pathogens of these diseases were identified due to the aggressiveness of the existing strains of P. tritici-repentis (Died.), A. tenuis Ness et Fr., C. herbarum Fris. All tested varieties of winter wheat are resistant to the causative agents of septoriosis, rusts, head smut, but are susceptible to the causative agents of pyrenophorosis and glume mold. The average weighted percentage of leaf infestation with pyrenophorosis ranged from 20.5 to 59.6%. The most resistant to this disease were the varieties Memory of Shatilov and Cheget, and the susceptible varieties were Laureate, Korona, Graf, Moskvich and Tanya, in which the weighted average percentage of the disease was above 46.7%. The malignant disease glume mold, which manifests itself in the period of milky-wax ripeness of grain, was studied. The average weighted percentage of lesions from this disease was higher than 50% in varieties Alievich, Taulan, Tanya, Moskvich, Graf. The maximum percentage of grain infestation in the variety Cheget was 60.2%. Fusarium head blight was noted to be depressed as dry and hot weather set in during the period of grain formation. Rainy weather is a favorable condition for the development of this disease. 

The results of the use of secondary raw materials of plant origin (pine nutshells) as a feed additive for quail breeding are presented. A review of the study of biologically active substances of Siberian pine nut shells (Pínus sibírica) and their effects on the body of animals is given. The studies were performed on Japanese quail chicks up to the age of 80 days in the conditions of a quail farm. At one day of age, three groups of chickens were formed with 40 animals in each group. The control group received the basic diet (BD), the 1st experimental group - 99.05% BD + 0.05% powder of pine nutshells, the 2nd experimental group - 99.9% BD + 0.1% powder of pine nutshells. It was found that the best results were obtained when including 0,1% of the feed additive into the basic diet: 10,44% increase in the absolute live weight gain, 7,5% increase in safety, 12,2% decrease in feed consumption. The control slaughter of the 2nd experimental group cockerels at the end of the studies confirmed the positive effect of the additive - increasing the pre-slaughter live weight by 7.98%, the slaughter yield - by 3.01% compared with the control group. The chemical composition of meat of the 2nd experimental group differed from the control by an increase in the dry matter by 4.28%, crude fat by 3.86%, a decrease in crude ash by 0.33%. Тhe amino acid composition was more complete in the content of lysine, arginine, alanine, asparagine, glutamine and the amount of essential and substitutable amino acids compared with the control group, indicating improved meat quality of the experimental quails. 

The results of studying the adaptive abilities of young sheep depending on their origin and their relationship with productivity are presented. Temperature, velocity and humidity at birth of lambs (April) were 4.7 °C, 4.2 m/s and 17.7%, at the age of 6 months (October) - 1.0 °C below zero, 4.9 m/s and 33.7% respectively. The best indicators of live weight up to 6 months of age are shown by medium-wool young Aginskaya breed. Young rams at the age of 6 months had an advantage over their fine-wool counterparts of Transbaikal breed by 3.7% in terms of average live weight, and the gimmers by 6.3% (p > 0.05). The rams of the Transbaikal breed had the best height measurements of the body by 0.4 cm at the withers and by 1.3 cm in the height at hips. The Aginskaya breed peers were distinguished by better volume and latitude measurements, including oblique torso length and chest depth. The Aginskaya breed has longer ears (23,2-23,8%), neck (9,7-17,5%) and head (1,2- 2,5%), narrower forehead (11,5-17,6%) and less voluminous neck (5,1-7,2%) than their fine-wool counterparts. Clinical and hematological parameters were within the physiological norm. The lowest body temperature on the skin surface of the experimental youngsters at birth and at 6 months of age was noted in the ear area (25.2-26.0 °С), the highest - on the central part of the abdomen (29.3- 33.4 °С). In terms of skin thickness, depending on the origin of the sheep, the greatest difference was noted in the SCP, MR-12, and SCP areas. In fine-wool individuals, it is 28.0-39.1% thicker in the SCP, 9.7-46.2% thicker in the MR-12, and 25.0-43.5% thicker in the SCP. In test specimens a positive correlation of live weight with the height at hips (0.591-0.906), with the girth of the metacarpel (0.133-0.240), and with the width of the forehead (0.173-0.590) was detected. There was a correlation between live weight and head and neck length in medium-wool breed individuals (0.060- 0.463 and 0.147-0.394), as well as a weak correlation with skin thickness on MR-12. In fine-wool counterparts, there is a medium correlation between live weight and neck girth (0.490-0.553) and skin thickness in the SCP area (0.469-0.755).

Fermentation processes in the rumen of ruminants when using sunflower husk subjected to ultrasound treatment in combination with phytobiotics were studied. During the experiment, the formation of terminal metabolites in the ruminal fluid as well as the formation of methane were determined. The object of the study was the rumen fluid, which was selected from bulls of Kazakh whiteheaded breed at the age of 12 months with the average weight of 230-235 kg. Chronic rumen fistula (n = 3) was identified according to the method of A.A. Aliev. The following samples were incubated by in vitro method using the ANKOM Daisy II device (modifications D200 and D200I) according to a specialized technique: control (sample N 1): Mechanically ground husk + hydromodulus (water) + ultrasound treatment at 20 °C, 15 min, 27 kHz; sample N 2: sample N 1 + gamma-octalactone (0.25 ml); sample N 3: sample N 1 + quercetin (10.0 mg); sample N 4: sample N 1 + 7-hydroxycoumarin (2.0 mg). Each experiment was conducted in five replications. The digestibility of dry matter, concentration of volatile fatty acids, formation of nitrogenous metabolites and methane concentration were determined. The data obtained were statistically analyzed using software. New data were obtained on the effect of sunflower husk together with phytobiotics on the formation of final metabolites in the rumen fluid. The addition of biologically active substances of gamma-octalactone, quercetin, 7-hydroxycoumarin was found to increase the digestibility of dry matter relative to control by 2.0 (p ≤ 0.05), 3.1 (p ≤ 0.01) and 4.3% (p ≤ 0.05), respectively. An increase in the concentration of volatile fatty acids and nitrogenous fractions was noted when using these substances. The level of methane concentration was 10% lower than that of the control with 7-hydroxycoumarin in sample N 4 (p ≤ 0.01). 

Studies have been carried out on the influence of cultivation methods on the green mass yield and the herbage structure of the perennial fodder plant - Premier cultivar of Hungarian clover in the forest-steppe of Western Siberia. A three-factor experience was laid out for the study. The effect of the timing of sowing spring oats under a cover (II ten-day period of May) and summer coverless oats (II ten-day period of July), sowing methods - row (15 cm) and wide-row (60 cm) and two rates of seeding - 1 and 2 million germinated seeds per 1 ha was studied. It is shown that in the second year of life, clover does not yet form an economically significant level of yield of aboveground mass due to biological features. At the same time, this is the year when the influence of different cultivation methods can be traced. The best result was obtained when sowing in the spring in a row - 35 cwt/ ha of dry weight. In the transition of plants to the adult generative state, starting from the third year, an increase in the yield in all variants of the experiment to 80-100 c/ha due to the increase in height and density of the most productive generative shoots was recorded. The intensity of shoot formation differed by variants. The highest was noted on low-productive with the lowest number of generative shoots of the second year - summer wide-row crops. The ability of Hungarian clover to self-regulate the density of shoots depending on the feeding area was noted. As a result, by the fourth year of life, differences in herbage yield between spring and summer sowing dates, low and high (1 and 2 million pcs/ha) seeding rates, row and wide-row sowing methods were leveled. 

The studies were conducted in 2019-2021 in the conditions of the northern part of the Arkhangelsk region. The aim of the research is to study perennial agrophytocenoses consisting of promising cereals and legumes to improve the fodder base in the conditions of northern regions. Herbage grasses of 3 years of life formed from various combinations of cereals and legumes were studied, their productivity and participation of components of grass mixtures in the formation of yields were determined. Meteorological conditions varied during the years of the study. In 2019 and 2020, the growing seasons were excessively wet (hydrothermal coefficient (HTC) 1.80 and 1.76), in 2021, the period was noted as quite wet (HTC 1.38). It was found that in the 1st year of life the formation of green mass yield is due to the legume component. At the same time, 73% of red clover and 59-67% of alfalfa are contained in the structure of the crop. Later in the phytocenosis there is a decrease in the participation of leguminous grasses in the yield, in the 3rd year the content of red clover was 15- 20%, alfalfa fell out of the herbage. The herbage, consisting of reed fescue and red clover, stood out as the most productive. Two-cuts use of this agrophytocenosis allows for the first 2 years of intensive use to get from 10.71 to 11.41 t/ha of dry matter, 114.12-129.01 GJ/ha of exchange energy and 1.43- 1.51 t/ha of crude protein. Reed fescue stands out as the most promising crop. When alfalfa falls out of the herbage, the experiment variant with reed fescue is superior to the control variant in dry matter yield and exchange energy yield. 

The article presents a methodology for evaluating tillage and seeding aggregates, taking into account soil and climatic conditions of farms. We offer a comprehensive assessment index of the performance of sowing machines and complexes for sowing crops, which takes into account productivity, fuel efficiency, sowing quality and reliability of the technological process to a certain point in time. Unit serviceability is measured by the ratio of the unit's capacity during the main time to the capacity during the shift time. Fuel consumption indicator for machines is the ratio of tillage depth, for seeders it is the sowing depth to specific fuel consumption. Soil cultivation quality is assessed by indicators of ridging and crumbling of the soil, the quality of sowing by the ratio of the actual seeding rate and the depth of seeding to the given technical specifications. The integral functions of the distribution of probabilities of failure-free operation in the form of an exponential law of distribution are used as an indicator of reliability assessment. For calculations, the results of agrotechnical and economic evaluation, taken from the protocols of machine tests at machine test stations, are used. Based on the research, effective sets of machines for the cultivation of crops, which are characterized by low costs, high quality of work and reliability, were proposed. In first place were taken by the grain seeders S-6PM2, SZP-3,6B, SZP-5,4, AMAZONE D9-60 Super; seeding complexes KSKP2,1D × 5 OMICH, Kuzbass PK-8,5, John Deere "730". The second place was taken by John Deere 455, ASTRA SZT-5,4, SKP-2,1D × 5, Pronto 12NT Horsch, DMC Primera 9000; seeding complexes Irtysh-10, AGRATOR-combidisk-9000, Kuzbass PK-9,7A. 

The results of theoretical studies of the possibility of reducing the lack and excess of heat in the cultivation structure by substantiating the parameters and algorithm of the mechanism of real-time control width of the exhaust opening are presented. A kinematic diagram of a flat lever mechanism for controlling the width of the draft opening with a drive from an electric linear actuator has been developed. Dependences of the angle of inclination of the leading link of the mechanism and the width of the exhaust opening on the stroke of the actuator rod are determined. The maximum travel of the actuator rod is 225 mm, which allows you to change the width of the exhaust opening from 0 to 900 mm. In this case, the angle of the axis of the master link position sensor varies from 0 to 90 degrees. Based on the analysis of the operation process of the mechanism and the requirements of the plants to the ambient air temperature, an algorithm for controlling the width of the opening was developed, providing for three possible situations. As long as the air temperature meets the biological requirements of the plants, the width of the exhaust opening does not change. If the air temperature exceeds the upper limit, the width of the opening is increased by the value determined by the angle change step of the mechanism driving link. If the air temperature is less than the lower limit, the controller turns on the linear actuator to reduce the opening width. This ensures that the tilt angle of the master link changes by the step dA, which is set during the programming. Logic operators compare the current value of the angle of inclination of the master link with the calculated value and switch the actuator on and off. Thus, the proposed algorithm consistently approximates the state of the system to the optimum zone and reacts to the changes in external conditions. 

The results of research on the introduction of nanotechnology in various fields of scientific activities are presented. In medical and veterinary practice, nanoparticles of various forms of carbon are considered promising, because they have a wide arsenal of biomodulatory effects on the body, exhibiting little ecotoxic and organismotoxic effects. Their antibacterial effect is of great importance for the use in medicine. Microorganisms are one of the objects of study of the cytotoxic properties of new medicinal products. The cytotoxic effect of oxidized graphene nanoparticles on the main types of bacterial cells was evaluated by light and atomic force microscopy. Light microscopy allowed to establish that the effect of subinhibitory concentrations of nanoparticles of oxidized graphene, achieved by studying the colonies of microorganisms on the border of their growth inhibition, can lead to tinctorial transversion in Gram-positive microorganisms, in particular Staphylococcus aureus, while in Gram-negative E. coli such a phenomenon is not observed. Using the method of atomic force microscopy, it was found that toxic concentrations of oxidized graphene nanoparticles lead to morphological degradation, the degree of which depends on the exposure time of nanoparticles. Morphological degradation of cells in the main types of bacteria (cocci, bacilli), accompanied by a decrease in cell contours, was observed at 30 min exposure. When the exposure was increased from 30 to 90 min, complete morphological destruction of the bacterial cells and decay of the bacterial population composition were observed. The cytotoxic concentration of oxidized graphene nanoparticles is more than 75 µg·ml-1, as determined by the results of microscopy of test culture samples (Escherichia coli ATCC 25922 and Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 6538).