In a long-term stationary experiment (1988-2019) the impact of mouldboard, non-mouldboard, combined, differentiated, surface and sweep-blade tillage systems on the change in the aggregate composition of dark gray forest soils was studied. The research took place in the northern foreststeppe of the Northern Trans-Ural (Tyumen Region). Over a 30-year period of use in arable land, the soil of 0-20 cm layer retained its structural condition not inferior to the initial one for most of the studied variants of cultivation. With increasing the depth of the soil profile up to 0-30 cm layer due to an increase in the proportion of clumpy fraction in the lower layer 10-30 cm there was a decrease in the content of agronomically valuable structure compared to the layer 0-20 cm, as well as with the initial state on most of the studied systems of cultivation. The highest content of agronomically valuable structure in the soil layer 0-20 cm was on the mouldboard, sweep-blade and differentiated tillage systems (72.8-77.8%). Over the 30-year period, the agronomically valuable structure content (10-0.25 mm) in the soil layer 0-20 cm increased by 6.12-13.45% in these treatments, the structure coefficient by 21.9-60.3%. For the other treatment systems, the content of this fraction (67.5-69.8%) and the structure coefficient (2.07-2.31) were close to the initial condition - 68.6% and 2.19, respectively. The average weighted diameter of agronomically valuable aggregates increased from 2.71 mm in the initial condition to 3.00-3.29 mm (7.7-21.2%) due to a significant increase in the proportion of these aggregates in the 0-10 cm layer. In general, the highest indicators of the structural condition of the soil profile of 0-30 cm remained on the mouldboard, sweep-blade and differentiated systems of cultivation. Non-mouldboard, combined and surface tillage reduced the content of agronomically valuable structure by 9.7-15.9% compared with the mouldboard system, and led to a decrease in the coefficient of structure by 0.99-1.39 units.

The results of the study of nitrogen nutrition of winter wheat plants cultivated by No-till technology in the zone of unstable moisture in the Stavropol Territory are presented. The studies were conducted in 2020-2022 in a stationary experiment using two technologies: direct seeding (no tillage) and conventional technology on different backgrounds of mineral nutrition. Nitrogen accumulation in plant organs at different stages of winter wheat development (by V.T. Kurkaev method) and nitrate reductase enzyme activity in leaves (by Mulder method modified by B.I. Tokarev) were studied. It has been established that the use of mineral fertilizers in the technology of direct seeding has a positive effect on such a physiological process as mineral nutrition of winter wheat plants significantly increasing the accumulation of nitrogen in them. The use of a cover-ground culture in the crop rotation by direct seeding technology contributed to an increase in the nitrogen content in winter wheat plants by 32.7% compared to the variant where only fertilizers were used, as well as by 29.1% compared to the variant with the same background mineral nutrition in conventional technology. High activity of nitrate reductase enzyme in leaves during the reproductive period indicates the presence of large amounts of nitrates in winter wheat plants. The enzyme activity in the leaves of plants grown according to the technology without soil treatment against the background of using fertilizers and cover-ground cultures was significantly higher than in the other variants at the beginning of the reproductive period (by 72-89%) and reached its maximum after 14 days (4.15 μM/g ‧ h).

The results of research in the conditions of the Lower Volga region to study the effect of the sowing method (width of row spacing and the forecrop) on the yield of dry biomass and the seeds of chickpea varieties bred by the Russian Research Design and Technology Institute for Sorghum and Maize (Rossorgo) are presented: Benefis, Sphere and Sokol. Differences in plant height and attachment of the bottom bean were found: the highest of the presented was the variety Sokol - 69.00 and 40.13 cm respectively with a row spacing of 70 cm and the use of spring barley as a forecrop, followed by the variety Benefis - 55.30 and 29.54 cm respectively (row spacing 45 cm, the forecrop - spring barley); and then Sphere - 55.27 and 30.80 cm respectively (row spacing of 70 cm, the forecrop - spring wheat). Benefis showed a significant advantage in the formation of beans and seeds per plant - 55.80 beans and 56.93 seeds at row spacing of 45 cm, the forecrop was spring wheat. The other two varieties have lower rates: Sphere - 49.60 beans and 46.03 seeds at row spacing of 45 cm, the forecrop is grain sorghum; Sokol - 40.53 beans and 38.70 seeds at row spacing of 60 cm, the forecrop is spring wheat. As a result of analysis of 1 ths seeds weight growth, as well as seed yield and protein content, the optimal seeding scheme of chickpea varieties under study was established: the width of the row spacing is 45 cm, the forecrop is spring wheat. Seed yields under this placement scheme amounted to: Benefis - 4.31 t/ha, Sphere - 3.89 t/ha, Sokol - 3.07 t/ha; protein content reached the following values: Benefis - 21.15% a.d.m., Sphere - 20.39% a.d.m, Sokol - 19.32% a.d.m.

The results of evaluating the yield and adaptive properties of the eight varieties and lines of spring vetch (tare Vicia sativa L.) are presented. Kamalinskaya 611 (standard), Novosibirskaya, Baikalskaya × Lgovskaya 34, Baikalskaya × G-252, E-1280, 4604/1-2, GC-964, and Kamalinskaya 611 × Novosibirskaya varieties were included in the study. The productivity of vetch plants in the nursery of preliminary varietal trials is evaluated and the most productive, plastic, stable and adapted samples are identified. The study was conducted in 2017-2019 in the forest-steppe conditions of the Priob'ye region (Novosibirsk region). The most favorable for the formation of green matter yields was 2017, for grain productivity - 2019. The variation in green matter yields ranged from 25.20 (Novosibirskaya in 2018) to 40.70 t/ ha (Kamalinskaya 611 × Novosibirskaya in 2017), and seeds from 1.50 (Kamalinskaya 611 in 2017) to 3.16 t/ha (Kamalinskaya 611 × Novosibirskaya in 2018). Baikalskaya × G-252 and Kamalinskaya 611 × Novosibirskaya samples stood out with the lowest variability and the highest homeostasis in the formation of grain yield, while the lines E-1280 and 4604/1-2 stood out in terms of green matter yield. Baikalskaya × G-252 (by grain yield); Baikalskaya × Lgovskaya 34 (by biomass) and Kamalinskaya 611 × Novosibirskaya (by grain yield and biomass) were selected for breeding value. Among the most responsive to improving conditions and stable are Baikalskaya × Lgovskaya 34 and Kamalinskaya 611 in terms of grain productivity and biomass yield - Kamalinskaya 611 × Novosibirskaya.

In order to expand the genetic diversity of winter garlic (Allium sativum L.), the possibility of using in vitro technology to obtain somaclonal variants of a callus culture was studied. The results of the study of the efficiency of inflorescences callusogenesis of winter garlic cultivar ladiator depending on the explant age (7, 14 and 21 days from the moment when inflorescences emerge from the leaf axils) and the combination of the growth regulators (2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid in concentrations 0,25; 0,5; 1,0; 2,0 mg/l and kinetin in concentrations 0,25; 0,5; 1,0 mg/l) are presented. It was found that stepwise sterilization of the material, based on sequential treatment with sterilizing solutions, allows obtaining 92-98% sterile explants. The first signs of the beginning of callusogenesis were observed in early garlic inflorescences on the 35th day of cultivation, and in the inflorescences aged 21 days - on the 50th day. Callus formation from the base of inflorescences was recorded when 0.5; 1.0 and 2.0 mg/L of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid and kinetin were added to the nutrient medium at the concentrations studied. The most intensive callus formation was detected in 7-day-old explants on the Murashige - Skoog nutrient medium enriched with 2.0 mg/L 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid and 0.5 and 1.0 mg/L kinetin. The proportion of explants with callus was 94% and 96%, respectively. Callus formation from the base of inflorescences at 14 and 21 days of age using these nutrient media options was observed in 44 and 22% of explants, respectively.

A comparative evaluation of barley varieties of different ecological and geographical origin (Chelyabinsky 99, Yaik, Omsky 95 and Pamyati Chepeleva) is presented. The varieties were tested in a field experiment at an agricultural enterprise in the Chelyabinsk region in order to select the assortment which provides the maximum stable yield. A total of 20 barley varieties of Chelyabinsk, Omsk, Tyumen, Sverdlovsk and Samara breeding were studied during the years of research (2017- 2019, 2021-2022). Barley growth and development took place in contrasting heat and moisture periods of vegetation. The Yaik variety not only showed high productivity potential in the years of study, but was also marked by the most stable crop yield scale together with the Pamyati Chepeleva variety. The most stress-resistant varieties were Omsky 95 and Chelyabinsky 99. In terms of genetic flexibility, the Yaik variety is the leader. The varieties under study were divided into two groups according to the degree of response to the environmental conditions. The first group included the variety Pamyati Chepeleva, that is, under the conditions of these studies, it was weakly responsive to external factors. The second group included the varieties Omsky 95, Yaik and Chelyabinsky 99, they are the most responsive to external factors. The most prominent variety was Omsky 95 which is characterized by the greatest ecological plasticity. A high degree of stability of the reaction was noted in the variety Yaik, low - in other varieties. According to the results of 5-year research in the conditions of the northern forest-steppe of the Chelyabinsk region as a whole, the maximum plasticity and stability was shown by the variety Yaik, which is recommended for agricultural producers.

Yield losses of spring barley due to epiphytotics of various leaf diseases can be as high as 30-50%. The most common pathogens in the Rostov region are powdery mildew and helminthosporium blotches. The most effective and accessible way to study the resistance of new varieties is to use artificial infectious backgrounds where parental forms and breeding lines most resistant to pathogens are selected under provocative and extreme conditions. The studies were conducted over a three-year period (2020-2022) at an infectious disease stationary site. The purpose of the study was to identify the varieties which were consistently stable and resistant to the common frondiferous pathogens among the studied varieties and lines of spring barley in the Rostov region. Varieties of spring barley of different ecological and geographical origin were the object of research. The number of the studied samples varied: in 2020 - 215 varieties, 256 in 2021, and 196 in 2022. The weather conditions varied in temperature and precipitation during the study period. As a result of field evaluation on artificial infection background, spring barley varieties and the lines with high resistance to the studied pathogens were identified. Highly resistant to powdery mildew were the varieties KWS-11-228 and Pioner (France), Sunshine, Margret, Viking, Laurika and Tituringia (Germany), Perun (Czech Republic), Tipple (England), Kalita, Leon and Tonus (Russia), Obolon and Charivny (Ukraine). The varieties Rus, Talovsky 9, Tonus and Elf (Russia), and Eney (Ukraine) showed resistance to Helminthosporium blotches. Also, samples with resistance to both pathogens were identified: Leon, Tonus, Elf, Fedos, Format and Azimut (Russia), Margret, Prestige and Viking (Germany), Perun (Czech Republic).

The effect of gut microbiota correctors on the motility of the gastrointestinal tract of ICR mice was studied. Two feed additives were used - compositions based on glycerol and 1.3 propanediol and Salkoli Mono BP Dry. Three groups of 10-12 animals each were formed according to the principle of analogues: two experimental and one control. Experimental feed mixtures were made by saturating 200 g of feed with sunflower oil, 1.3 propanediol, glycerol (experimental group 1); the feed mixture of experimental group 2 was additionally mixed with the feed additive Salkoli Mono BP Dry. To estimate the rate of fecal excretion, 100 µl of fluorescent tags (fluorescent ink green and red) were given to mice of all groups, previously mixed with water 1: 1. The timing of the appearance of the first signs of fluorescence in feces in animals of the control and experimental groups was estimated. Intensive fluorescence of the green label in fluorimetry samples was observed. The greatest increase in fluorescence was observed at the 4th hour of the experiment in the control group, while in the 2nd experimental group the increase lasted until the 5th hour. In the 1st experimental group, elimination of the main amount of green dye did not begin even by the 5th hour of the experiment. The method using fluorescent tags revealed a delay in mixing of feed masses in mice fed glycerol and 1,3 propanediol, which was accompanied by a statistically significant increase in Escherichia coli concentration - by 3 times (p < 0.05). The use of Salkoli Mono BP Dry had no statistically significant effect on E. coli concentrations and gastrointestinal motility.

The results of the studies (2019-2021) of increased incidence of genetic mutations, such as fertility haplotypes, in the population that result in lower reproductive rates in dairy cattle are presented. Semen quality of the Ayrshire breed bulls was evaluated for motility and morphological indices due to rs475678587 in the UBE3B gene locus associated with the AH1 fertility haplotype. Semen samples (n = 14) were obtained from the Center of Collective Use "Genetic Semen Collection of Domestic and Foreign Cattle Breeds" of the All-Russian Research Institute of Farm Animal Genetics and Breeding (ARRIFAGB) and belonged to the animals born in 2014 and older (average age of bulls was 6-15 years). Genotyping for rs475678587 of the UBE3B gene was performed by Sanger sequencing. Animals with the heterozygous CT genotype were defined as carriers of the AH1 haplotype (AH1-C), and those with the homozygous CC genotype were defined as free of the AH1 haplotype (AH1-F). Frozen-thawed semen was evaluated according to the following parameters: total and progressive motility, percentage of normal spermatozoa. Morphological indices of sperm quality were assessed after differential staining of cellular elements of spermatozoa using a commercial kit "Diakhim-Diff Quick" (ABRIS+ scientific and production company) in sperm smears. The following indicators were taken into account: acrosomal abnormalities, abnormalities in the head, tail, and neck of the spermatozoon. Data on the indicators of native semen (motility, concentration), obtained immediately after collection, were received from the archive of the technical service of the breeding enterprise. The results of the studies have shown that according to physiological and morphological indices the semen obtained from the bulls carrying the haplotype AN1 did not differ significantly from those of the bulls free of the mutation. In terms of total motility, the semen of the haplotype fertility carrier bulls was almost 2% higher than that of the haplotype free bulls. It can be noted that the haplotype carriers of fertility bulls were generally characterized by good sperm fertility indices.

The effect of the experimental probiotic drug "Plantarum" on the physico-chemical and microbiological parameters of milk of crossbred dairy goats was studied. This preparation was developed in the laboratory of microbiology of milk and dairy products of the Siberian Research Institute of Cheese Making of the Federal Altai Scientific Center for Agrobiotechnology. The preparation includes pure cultures of probiotic strains of lacto- and propionic acid bacteria from the "Siberian collection of microorganisms". Scientific and economic experiment was conducted in 2018-2020 on the territory of the Pervomaisky district of the Altai Territory. The objects of the study were crossbred dairy goats. In order to evaluate the effect of the experimental probiotic drug "Plantarum" on the milk quality of the experimental animals, four groups (20 animals in each group) of pregnant goats were formed: one control and three experimental. The goats of the experimental groups were fed the probiotic drug "Plantarum" in addition to the basic diet at the doses of 0.4, 0.6, and 0.8 ml/kg of body weight/day. The results showed that the content of the mass fraction of fat and protein in the milk samples of all experimental groups were within the norm for this type of animals regulated by GOST 32940-2014. It should be noted that the use of different doses of probiotic increased the fat mass fraction in milk from 0.06 to 0.13% and the protein mass fraction by 0.12% relative to the control. Physicochemical parameters (dry skimmed milk residue, titratable acidity, somatic cells) of milk of the experimental goats were within normal limits; no significant differences between the groups were found. There was a tendency to reduce the bacterial contamination of milk in the experimental groups compared to the control when determining the number of mesophilic aerobic and facultatively anaerobic microorganisms.

Screening of natural microorganisms possessing a combination of antagonistic and enzymatic activities is one of the main tasks in the development of agrobiotechnological preparations. Microbiological studies of permafrost soils of Central Yakutia were carried out with the aim of finding bacterial strains of the Bacillus genus that are promising in modern biotechnology. 14 isolates were isolated from the middle loamy permafrost soil of the Khangalassky ulus. Of these three isolates were identified as Bacillus subtilis species by their physiological and biochemical properties which was confirmed by molecular genetic studies on 16S pPNK. The new strains of B. subtilis Bac-1p, B. subtilis Bac-2p, and B. subtilis Bac-4p were found to possess marked antagonistic properties against Salmonellosis and streptococcal pathogens: Sal. abortus equi BN-12, Str. equi 5/1. New strains are also capable of producing a number of hydrolytic enzymes (amylase, xylanase, phytase). B. subtilis TNP-3 and B. subtilis TNP-5 bacterial strains were used as controls for determining quantitative indicators of enzymatic activity. These strains are deposited in the collection of microorganisms used in animal husbandry and veterinary medicine and are the basis of probiotic preparations. B. subtilis Bac-1p, B. subtilis Bac-2p, and B. subtilis Bac-4p strains were found to be somewhat inferior to the control strains in amylolytic activity, but they were significantly superior in xylanase and phytase activities. The results of these studies have shown the potential of new B. subtilis strains for further study and the possibility of using them in the development of biological preparations for agriculture.

The exterior traits of honey bees used to determine breed affiliation in breeding work were studied. It has been noted that changes in exterior traits are caused by various factors (geographic, interbreeding, intrafamily, etc.). The experiment was conducted on an apiary located in the Ryazan region in 2021. Young bees were sampled during the season using a frame isolator. Individual parts of the chitinous skeleton of bees were dissected and measured according to the accepted method of measuring exterior features using software that allows to measure from the image of the object. The average and its standard error were calculated for each bee family separately. Non-parametric tests for multiple comparisons (Friedman and Kruskal-Wallis) were calculated using Statistica 13.0 software. Analysis of the obtained averages showed that the exterior traits change to a small extent during the season, but this change was less than the variability between the individuals of the same sample. Comparison of the averages obtained using non-parametric tests in most cases showed insignificant differences between the samples taken from the same bee family during the season. Only three cases showed significant differences. The change in exterior traits during the season is insignificant, and it is associated with the uneven mixing of drone bees' sperm in the genital tracts of the queen bee. Moreover, the greater this unevenness of mixing, the greater the differences. It is recommended to homogenize the sperm of drones when using instrumental insemination.

The process of separating the transported material from the carrying gas flow in cyclones at grain-processing enterprises is studied. Feed production is accompanied by the formation of fine flour dust which is a valuable component of fermented feed. Aspiration systems of mini-fodder plants do not provide its full capture, which leads to contamination of the premises, as well as the loss of some of the product. During the analysis of designs and ways to improve centrifugal apparatuses, it was determined that installation of additional swirling devices in the cyclone exhaust pipe is promising for cleaning the air flow from fine dust. The design of cyclone with an additional stage of cleaning the air flow from fine flour dust in the outlet nozzle, used in the pneumatic conveying system of mini-fodder plant, is proposed. The diameter of the axial pipe socket is enlarged to accommodate the baffle cone and vortex funnel inside it. The diameter of the outlet nozzle should be smaller than the diameter of the upper base of the vortex funnel to reduce the fine fraction escape from the cyclone. An experimental unit was developed including a charging hopper, pneumatic receptor-diverter, material pipeline, cyclone, filter, and a suction fan. The material used was wheat grain with a moisture content of 16%, crushed on a hammer crusher with a hole diameter of 3 mm in the sieve. Comparative tests of the proposed cyclone with cyclones of the DC and SNT types were carried out, the results of which prove the effectiveness of the proposed design. In the investigated range (from 0.026 to 0.33 kg/s) the efficiency of the two-stage cyclone in feeding the transported material was higher than that of the commercially available discharger cyclones DC.

17 introgressive lines and varieties of winter wheat and 2 lines of winter triticale (collection of the Kazakh Research Institute of Agriculture and Plant Growing) were studied to determine the possibility of their use in organic farming. The studies were conducted in 2021-2022 in the foothill zone of the south-east of the Republic of Kazakhstan on the basis of the research field stationary of the Kazakh Research Institute of Agriculture and Plant Growing. Analysis for genetically modified sources showed the absence of 35S and NOS regulatory elements in the samples. DNA identification by PCR to detect effective brown, stem and yellow rust genes (Lr9, Lr26/Sr31/Yr9, Lr34/Yr18/ Sr57, Lr35/Sr39, Sr2, Sr36) made it possible to identify 4 samples (1633-40, 1675-170, 1723-11, 2041-7) with valuable Lr34/Yr18/Sr57/Pm38 genes and 1 sample (1127-7) with Lr26/Sr31/Yr9/Pm8 genes. Phytopathological assessment of the resistance of cereal crops was carried out on the natural background using the appropriate scales of recording the infestation of plants by brown stem rust and yellow rust. As a result, 9 samples resistant to 2 types of rust (brown and yellow) with reaction type R and zero percent were found (1127-7, 1675-170, 1676, 2005-13, 2041-13, 2046-1, KZ231, T-409-1, T-989-1). Stem rust in the years of research was not recorded. Grain quality assessment was carried out on the basis of the requirements of relevant GOSTs on the following parameters: grain nature, vitreousness, protein and gluten content, gluten quality. It was found that all the samples under consideration in terms of vitreousness and gluten content correspond to the class of strong wheat. Samples with high grain natures (≥800 g/l; 1674-27, 1675-149, 1675-170), protein content (≥16%; 2041-13, 2005-13, 2041-7, 1716-24, 1675-149, 1127-7, 1633-31, 1717-27, KZ231), quality and quantity of gluten (1127-7, KZ231) were selected. According to the results of comprehensive evaluation, 2 lines (1127-7, KZ231), which showed good resistance to 2 types of rust and high grain quality, were noted. These lines are recommended for use in organic farming.