The results of the study of the mouldboard, surface-mouldboard and surface soil treatment systems, as well as straw-based fertilizer systems used both separately and in combination with full mineral fertilizer are presented. Data for 2019-2021 on soil fauna, yield of perennial grasses of the 1st and 2nd years of use and spring wheat are given. The studies were conducted on sod-podzolic gleyic middle-loamy soils (experimental field of the Yaroslavl State Agricultural Academy). During the period under study, the highest abundance of beneficial soil fauna (earthworms (Lumbricina), ladybugs (Coccinellidae) and carabid beetles (Carabidae) was observed during surface-mouldboard treatment which indicates that this system has favorable feeding conditions for these organisms. The number of nematodes (Nematoda) in this variant decreased with significant changes recorded in different soil layers depending on the year, which may be associated with stronger plant growth and an increase in their ability to resist helminths. It was found that the greatest impact on the beneficial fauna had a combined application of straw and total mineral fertilizer: an increase in the beneficial soil fauna and a decrease in the population of nematodes were observed, which can be explained by the reduction of bacterio- and mycotrophs. In all the years of research the surface-mouldboard treatment provided the yield of field crops at the level of the mouldboard tillage or slightly lower. Application of straw together with full norm of mineral fertilizers caused the highest values of the above-mentioned indicator.

The results of studying the effect of different forecrops and mineral fertilizers on the yield of barley in the conditions of chernozem soils of the Ulyanovsk region are presented. The research was carried out as part of a stationary field experiment in 2017-2019. The soil area is represented by leached medium-sized chernozem with the following characteristics: humus content - 6.22%, mobile phosphorus and potassium - 198.0 and 121.0 mg/kg, respectively, pH_sol - 6.4, the sum of bases - 46.4 mg-eq./100 g. The scheme of the experiment provided for the analysis of the influence of previous crops when growing barley against the background of complex mineral fertilizer (NPK). It was found that the reserves of productive moisture in the meter layer of soil are higher on fertilized variants (155.4-166.0 mm). The concentration of nitrate nitrogen was higher in the pea forecrop and when using NPK - 53.0 mg/kg of soil. The greatest biological activity of the soil was observed for the forecrop peas against the background of NPK - 33.3%. The smallest number of weeds in crops was noted for the forecrop buckwheat both on the background of fertilizers and without them (20.7-25.7 pcs/m²). The yield of barley with the best quality indicators was higher than the forecrop peas against the background of NPK - 3.55 t/ha. The largest net income was received on fertilized variants: 7174-7212 rubles/ha, profitability 40.2-40.5%.

The efficiency of sunflower foliar top dressing application with Boro-N and Fertix mark B microfertilizers under field experimental condition was considered. The experiment was conducted in 2020-2022 on gray forest soils of the Bryansk region. Sunflower hybrid Fakel was used as an object of research. Annual grasses were the forecrop in the experiment. Seeding was carried out by the punctuated method with the width of inter-row space (70 cm) at a seeding rate of 55 thousand seeds/ha. The area of the experimental plot is 33 m², the area of the registration plot is 5 m² with threefold repetition. Plot placement is systematic. Sunflower farming technology is designed to produce a planned seed yield of 3.5-4.5 t/ha. The experimental scheme included three variants of treatment with microfertilizer Boro-N (2.0 l/ha) + Fertix mark B, BP (2.0 l/ha): without microfertilizer application (control); one treatment; two treatments. It was established that foliar dressing with a tank mixture of Boro-N + Fertix mark B fertilizers once a year during the period of 6-10 true leaves increases the sunflower seed yield by 7%, the profitability of sunflower production by 88%, and the conditional net income by 3.8 thousand rubles/ha. Double application of these microfertilizers during the formation of 6-10 true leaves and in the phase of the end of budding - the beginning of flowering increased the crop yield by 12%, the conditional net income by 4.8 thousand rubles / ha.

Additional treatment of sunflower plants before flowering, although reducing the profitability of seed production by 30%, increased the yield of the crop by 5%, conditional net income by 27%.

The results of the studies of new generation growth regulators in the cultivation of planting material of garlic (Allium sativum L.) are presented. The experiments (2019-2021) were conducted in the field trials in the Moscow region. The plants were grown on the soil containing 3.2% humus, 2.9 mg nitrogen/100 g soil, 26.8 mg phosphorus/100 g soil, 3.9 mg potassium/100 g soil, pH of the salt extract - 5.2. During the growing season of the plants three fertilizer applications were made: the first - in the phase of intensive leaf growth with ammonium nitrate (at a dose of 30 g/m²), the second - 2 weeks after the first with nitroammophoska (30 g/m²), the third - 2 weeks after the second with potassium sulfate (50 g/m²). The weather conditions were generally favorable for garlic cultivation. The plants were watered as needed. The experiments were conducted on winter garlic of the Gladiator variety. Seed (aerial bulbs) and planting material (one-toothed bulbs and cotyledons) were treated by soaking for 30 min, and the plants obtained from them were sprayed with growth regulator solutions. The preparations Lostor and Energy M, were used at a concentration of 0.01%, Zircon at a concentration of 0.025% for the treatment of the planting material and at a concentration of 0.1% for the treatment of the above-ground part of the plants. It was found that treatment of aerial bulbs and plants with Lostor promotes an increase in the yield of one-toothed bulbs by 18.8%, and by 8.1 % with Energy M. Treatment of single-toothed bulbs and plants with Lostor increases the yield of multitoothed bulbs by 24.3%, and with Energy M by 16.2%. Application of Lostor promotes an increase in the dry matter content by 8.0% and an increase in the sum of sugars by 9.2%.

The results of research on the creation of the soft spring wheat variety of Omskaya 42 are described. The variety is characterized by high indices of drought tolerance (IR in vitro = 0.55). Assessments of resistance to leaf rust pathogens in 2017 and 2018 showed that the variety Omskaya 42 has a medium level of resistance to powdery mildew (IR = 0.47 and 0.59) and high resistance to brown rust (IR = 0.05 and 0.18) and stem rust (IR = 0.07 and 0.28). With a significant lack of moisture and mass development of diseases in 2019 and 2020 during tillering - earing (HTC = 0,20-0,45), the yield of the variety Omskaya 42 was higher than the susceptible standard Serebristaya, respectively, by 2.15 and 2.88 t / ha, and the variety Element 22 resistant to these diseases - by 0.16 and 0.5 t / ha. The ear length of the new variety is 0.5 cm longer than the standard Serebristaya. Significant excess compared to the standard was revealed by the weight of 1000 grains (by 5.6 g). The results of the study of the variety in the international ecological nursery KASIB (2015 and 2016) showed that on the experimental plots with a mass infestation of crops with brown and stem rust, the variety Omskaya 42 showed high and moderate resistance to these diseases, its yield was by 0.39-1.23 t/ha higher than susceptible varieties. Indicators of grain quality in the years of transferring the variety for state variety testing were as follows: crude gluten content of 31.8%, protein - 16.36%, the flour strength - 415 e. a., the overall baking score - 4.3 points. Since 2019, the variety is included in the State Register of Breeding Achievements of the Russian Federation for the West Siberian (10) region as a middle-late variety. In terms of grain quality, it belongs to the strong wheat. As part of the import substitution program, the introduction of the new variety Omskaya 42 will significantly increase and stabilize the gross yield of grain in the Omsk region and the West Siberian region of Russia.

Winter rye, which has many valuable properties, is a very important crop in the grain area. The analysis of long-term data on the size of sown areas of winter rye in Russia shows their rapid decline. In this regard, the example of the “Rye” program, implemented by the Finnish government to promote and increase the consumption of rye flour products, as well as the experience of establishing an information center engaged in educational activities among the population is presented. The state of the State Register of Breeding Achievements Approved for Use in winter rye was considered: it was revealed that domestic breeding varieties accounted for 87.1%, foreign - 12.9%. At the same time, 18 varieties exclusively of domestic breeding were recommended for cultivation in Western Siberia, including four varieties of tetraploid rye. Over the past decade, five varieties of winter rye have been registered in the region. The ratio of the size of sown areas under the crop in the Russian Federation as a whole, the Altai Territory and the Novosibirsk Region is presented. The data for the Novosibirsk region for 2019-2021 on the yield of major winter crops, the volume of sowing of winter rye varieties and the hybrids included in the State Register were analyzed. The situation in the production of winter rye and its products, as well as the prospects for the use of this crop in crop rotations in Western Siberia were studied. Indicators of maximum yield of winter rye varieties and hybrids are given, their advantages and disadvantages are listed. The importance of creating a collection of varieties and hybrids in the region and the need to increase the production of winter rye and its products are justified.

Due to the increased interest in the cultivation and use of naked oats in recent years, the evaluation of naked samples of spring oats of competitive variety testing by grain yield and the elements of its structure was carried out. The studies were conducted in 2013-2021. Eleven naked spring oat samples of the "Nemchinovka" Federal Research Center selection were studied. The Tyumensky Golozerny variety was used as a standard. During the experiment, sample yields ranged from 1.9 to 2.9 t/ha. Four samples stood out in terms of yield: 52h2467 (2.9 t/ha), 38h2273, 11h2619 (2.5 t/ha each), and 2h2348 (2.3 t/ha). The increase to the standard variety in these samples was 0.1-0.7 t/ha with LSD₀₅ = 0.13-0.53 t/ha. The maximum grain yield (32% more than the standard) in a competitive variety trial showed the sample 52h2467. During the 9 years of research the high-est yield was observed with productive bushiness 1.1-1.4 units, the weight of 1 thousand grains 30.2-35.2 g and the weight of grains per a panicle 0.90-2.06 g. According to the results of the correlation analysis, the productive bushiness (r = 0,72), the weight of grains per a panicle (r = 0,70) and the weight of 1 thousand grains (r = 0,38) are the main elements of the crop structure, which have the strongest impact on the yield of grain in the Northern region.

The effect of nutrient media of different composition on the growth and development of healthy potato microplants of the Charoit variety under in vitro conditions was studied. Three variants of nutrient medium compositions were considered: nutrient medium according to Murashige-Skoog prescription, Murashige-Skoog medium with a reduced content of mineral components to 1/2 and to 1/3. The following microplant parameters were studied: height, rhizogenesis, number of leaves and internodes, total plant weight, leaf weight, root weight, stem weight, shoot weight. On a nutrient medium with 1/2 mineral components, the height of potato microgrowers on the 28th day of cultivation increased by 12%, the shoot weight - by 17% by increasing the weight of leaves by 33% and the weight of the root system twofold, the total plant biomass - by 28%. When using a nutrient medium with 1/3 of mineral components for cultivation of healthy potato varieties Charoit microplants on the 28th day of cultivation, a decrease in the shoot weight by 17% was observed due to a decrease in the stem weight (25%), and the weight of the root system increased by 140%. In these variants of nutrient medium, rhizogenesis began earlier and proceeded more actively than in the control. A medium with 1/2 content of mineral components of the norm was determined to be optimal for growing microplants in vitro. When aerohydroponic plants were grown with different plant densities (21, 27, and 55 plants/m ), a 27% increase in the plant height of the plants grown on plant sections with a planting density of 55 plants/m² was observed. The plants with a planting density of 21 plants/m² differed from the other variants by an increased number of stems. In the minituber yield, the proportion of fractions suitable for further seed production was more than 50% when using all planting densities studied on aerohydroponic plants. The maximum number of minitubers was recorded when growing plants with a planting density of 55 plants/m², and this option is recommended for use in the cultivation of minitubers of the potato variety Charoit by aerohydroponic method.

The results of the study of strawberry hybrids for further breeding in the period of mass spread of diseases contributing to the shortage of berry products - gray and late blight leathery rot of berries - are presented. The studies were carried out in a field experiment at the Sverdlovsk Horticultural Breeding Station on the collection of live plants in the open ground in 2018-2021. The objects of the study are eight elite hybrids of medium and late maturity, originating from the families Solovushka x Totem, Solovushka x Dukat, Solovushka x Marmolada, Amulet x Marmolada. The check varieties are Geyser and Borovitskaya. The hybrids were studied in accordance with the generally accepted methods for the complex of economically valuable characters and the degree of infestation by the fungal disease. In the conditions of the Urals, gray rot is observed almost annually, and the late blight on berries - in some years. In the years favorable for the development of the late blight, yield losses in the varieties that are not resistant to the disease of medium and medium maturity dates can be significant. In the Middle Urals, the disease is also observed on the late varieties of strawberries. It was found that resistance to late blight leathery rot is controlled polygenetically through the additive effect of several genes and does not depend on the races of the pathogen. Since there is no immunity to this disease in strawberries, work was carried out with the use of resistant varieties isolated when studied in the field. As a result of the research the resistant (with yield loss up to 10%) medium-maturing hybrids 2-45-10 and 2-54-11 were identified, which will be involved in the breeding process for the trait of resistance to late blight leathery rot.

The results of the study of exterior and constitutional features, the phenotypic correlation of live weight with body measurements and body built indexes in herd horses of the Buryat breed are presented. The research material was full-grown stallions (n = 7) and mares (n = 20), as well as horse colts (n = 20) and fillies (n = 20) aged 1.5 and 2.5 years. It has been established that stud stallions in live weight exceed the breed standard by 25.8%, mares - by 23.8%, colts - by 28.0-28.5% and fillies - by 12.3-25.7%. The measurement of the articles of the body also indicates their superiority in all basic measurements over the standard. The calculation of the body built indexes indicates that individuals are characterized by pronounced meaty forms. At the same time, males are characterized by a more solid build, broad and stretched body of a strong constitution. Analysis of the obtained data shows that the horses of the Buryat breed in terms of live weight and body parts measurements belong to the massive type I of the ecological zone. In adults and young animals at the age of 1.5 and 2.5 years, a positive, at a fairly high level, correlation between live weight and all measurements was revealed. A closer relationship of the live weight in stallions and mares was noted with the cannon bone girth (r = 0.586; r = 0.770), in colts and fillies at the age of 1.5 years - with chest girth (r = 0.903) and height at the withers (r = 0.903), respectively. With age, in colts, the relationship between the live weight and the body length increases (r = 0.902), in fillies - with chest girth (r = 0.623). The revealed relationships of the live weight with exterior and constitutional features in herd horses will allow to increase the pressure on a specific breeding trait during selection.

Breeding and pedigree work aimed at increasing the intensity of growth of young animals and improving herds, ultimately consists in the accumulation of highly productive animals, and in the future - related groups and lines. It is carried out mainly through the use of bulls-improvers, which have passed the two-stage evaluation. The results of the complex characterization of the animals of the Siberian selection of Hereford breed from the breeding farms of the Novosibirsk region are presented. It has been established that in the leading pedigree breeding units the stud bulls of the Maer-Vern 88480, Baldwins Leda 10r, Baz Gold Sol 2v268279, Yarlyk 413 of Siberian reproduction and imported Hellington 88 910 of Finnish selection, Red Note 28 722 279, Kingly 1 Hyrrow 2 976 500 345 and Highflight Wetmore 377 231 of Canadian origin are used in the breeding work with regard to small number of other lines. The productivity limit for the period of economic use in calves ranges from 2.5 to 9.4 lactations, live weight from 507 to 569 kg, milk yield from 189 to 204 kg, height at hips from 125 to 131 cm and the reproduction score from 8.2 to 9.3. On these farms, leader bulls were bred on the basis of heterogeneous and improving selection of parental pairs, which are included in the repair group of stud bulls. The live weight at 15 months is 458-616 kg and corresponds to the class of elite-record. The average daily gain of live weight during the test period from 8 - to 15 months of age is within 1052-1381 g.

The process of combing out down in goats still remains practically non-mechanized, and therefore very difficult for operators. For the successful development of the down goat breeding industry, it is necessary to conduct research in the development of mechanical devices that will significantly facilitate the work of operators and will increase their productivity. It is equally important to ensure careful combing of down, which will not cause injury to the animal and will improve the quality of the combed down. When developing a mechanical device for combing down in goats, it is necessary to repeat the process of manual combing of down as accurately as possible. To do this, an analysis of the trajectory of movement of the tip of the comb tooth during manual combing was carried out. Based on the results of the analysis, the scheme of a combing device based on the Chebyshev hinge-lever mechanism was proposed. Analytical equations linking the known parameters of the input (leading) link with the unknown parameters of the driving links are derived within the framework of the analytical method of the kinematic study of mechanisms. Using these equations, it is possible to calculate with a predetermined accuracy the necessary kinematic parameters (displacements, velocities, accelerations, both linear and angular) of the output link and driving links. Based on the results of full-scale modeling and theoretical calculations, the optimal dimensions of the main parts of the device were established. The use of the proposed mechanism will reduce physical effort and operator fatigue, increase productivity due to the abandonment of manual labor and improvement of the device.

The results of a microbiological study of sexually mature ixodid mites of the genus Dermacentor collected in the rural areas of the Trans-Baikal Territory are presented. Microbiological examination of 152 ixodid mites was carried out. Four microbial cultures of different species were identified: Listeria monocytogenes, E. coli, Salmonella typhi, Clostridium botulinum. The presence of bacteria associations of different species groups in the mite body was noted: in 32 individuals - L. monocytogenes, E. coli, S. typhi, in 56 - C. botulinum, E. coli, S. typhi, in 6 - L. monocytogenes, E. coli, in 15 - C. botulinum, E. coli. Of all the isolated microbial strains, Escherichia coli made up the largest number: this microorganism was isolated from all mites. L. monocytogenes appeared to be the least isolated: 38 of 152 mites were its carriers. Salmonellosis pathogen circulation was detected in 123 mites out of 152 examined specimens. The biological properties of all the isolated microbial cultures corresponded to their classical characteristics. Microorganisms of the genus Clostridium isolated from the mites on the Kitt-Tarozzi nutrient medium caused uniform turbidity of the nutrient medium, which indicates that this bacterial strain belongs to serovars C, D, E and В. The data obtained indicate the need for annual veterinary control of the grazing areas for the presence of natural foci, the reservoirs of pathogens which are pasture mites. During the period of ixodid mites mass attack it is necessary to carry out acaricide treatments of animals with repellent and acaricide preparations that will not only increase their productivity, but will also allow preventing infectious diseases.