At the present stage, the strategic course for the development of the agro-industrial complex, focused on the active application of the organic farming system, has been enshrine at the statutory level in the Russian Federation. In this regard, the purpose of the study was to assess the influence of orga nic fertilizers and biopreparations in the organic farming system on the phytosanitary conditions and crop yields of grain-fallow crop rotation in the forest-steppe conditions of the Trans-Volga region in comparison with mineral fertilizers and pesticides in the traditional farming system. Various methods of introducing biopreparations, as well as multi-component organic fertilizers based on diatomite and zeolite, were studied when using an organic farming system. The influence of organic fertilizers and biopreparations on the prevalence of root rot and brown leaf rust and the yield of grain-fallow crop rotation was studied in comparison with mineral fertilizers and pesticides. The obtained results showed that the combined use of seed pelleting and biopreparations during vegetation reduces the prevalence of root rot by an average of 44.6% for winter rye, 49.4% for hard spring wheat, and 50.5% for barley compared to the control. The reduction in the prevalence of brown leaf rust reached 46.4% for winter rye and 57.8% for hard spring wheat. The greatest increase in yield was achieved by using organic fertilizer consisting of diatomite, wood ash and organic potassium, as well as pre-sowing seed pelleting. On average, for preparations, with two treatments during the growing season, the biopreparation gave an increase in yield of 8.2–54.4% in relation to the control and 2.5–24.7% in relation to pesticides. Among agricultural crops, hard spring wheat and chickpeas turned out to be the most responsive to the biopreparation: the control indicators were exceeded by 54.4 and 47.6% (0.62 and 0.50 t/ha), and pesticides – by 20.2 and 24.7% (0.23 and 0.26 t/ha), respectively. Thus, the integrated use of multi-component, multifunctional organic fertilizers and biopreparations with bioprotection functions in the organic farming system provides an agronomic effect that is not inferior in effectiveness to the integrated use of synthetic chemical mineral fertilizers and pesticides.

The article presents research on the creation of a geoinformation model of spring-thaw erosion of arable soils based on the universal soil loss equation of Wischmeier and Smith (USLE) and testing its quality and accuracy in the conditions of the subtaiga zone of Western Siberia. The erosive capacity factor of precipitation R is calculated on the basis of a geoinformation model of snow cover, which includes information on water reserves in snow, features of snow deposition on slopes of different exposures, and characteristics of the snowmelt period. The amount of liquid precipitation that fell during the snowmelt period was also taken into account. Modeling was performed using QGIS, GRASS, and SAGA. The quality of the model was assessed using generally accepted indicators: Spearman's correlation coefficient r, the coefficient of determination R², the mean relative error (MRE), the mean absolute error (MAE), and the mean squared error (MSE). The model convergence with the fact was assessed using the linear-weighted kappa (k) statistic in outwash volume classes calculated using the Jenks natural breaks method. The actual outwash was determined using the method of recording the flow erosion in 2014–2023. The accuracy of the USLE model under target conditions is not lower than that described in the world literature. The model error averages 44% over 10 years. The best model performance was achieved on southern slopes with minimal gullies and minimal moisture. Average 10-year model quality indicators: for southern slopes – r = 0,76…0,92, R² = 0,29…0,81, MRE = 0,39…0,64, MAE = 0,16…0,93, MSE = 0,07…2,66, k = 0,66…0,91; for northern slopes – r = 0,57…0,79, R² = 0,27…0,60, MRE = 0,43…0,45, MAE = 0,20…0,47, MSE = 0,13…1,42, k = 0,46…0,84. USLE can be used as a tool for the primary assessment of the potential for arable soil loss during spring snowmelt in the subtaiga conditions of Western Siberia when using the R-factor of snow cover characteristics and snowmelt conditions in the calculations.

Perennial grasses are the main source of animal feed. They have important agronomic and ecolo gical significance. High and stable yields are achieved by creating crops with ideal characteristics of the leaf surface, high net productivity of photosynthetic processes, maximum photosynthetic potential and efficient work of the assimilating surface, which ultimately ensures the planned harvest volume is obtained. The article presents the results of the studies of moldboard, surface-moldboard and surface cultivation systems, as well as straw-based fertilization systems both separately and in combination with complete mineral fertilization. Data are provided on the leaf area, dry matter accumulation, photosynthetic potential and net productivity of photosynthetic processes, as well as the yield of perennial grasses on average for 2023–2024. The studies were carried out on sod-podzolic gleyic medium loamy soils of the Yaroslavl region. During the experiments, the use of resource-saving soil cultivation systems contributed to a decrease in the photosynthetic indices of red clover and timothy grass. This can be explained by the suppression of cultivated plants by weeds with minimal soil cultivation. The use of a full rate of mineral fertilizers both separately and together with straw caused an increase in the leaf area, accumulation of dry matter and photosynthetic potential of the above-mentioned crops with maximum values for the SNPK background. The highest yield of green mass of perennial grasses was noted with the surface-moldboard cultivation system in the variant of combined use of straw and a full rate of mineral fertilizers. On average, over the years of research, the indicator was noted at the level of 218–226 c/ha.

In the study, iron oxide Fe₃O₄ nanoparticles synthesized using green tea extract and a solution of ferrous sulfate (FeSO₄ ∙ 7H₂O) at a concentration of 0.1 mol/l were introduced in various doses into a finished liquid-phase biopreparation (LPB) at the maturation stage. The efficiency of the LPB-Fe line of biopreparations was studied in a laboratory experiment on flax seeds of the Nadezhda and Diplomat varieties of varying prematurity. The obtained results showed that the use of Fe₃O₄ nanoparticles is an effective method for upgrading the original biopreparation. In all experimental variants, when testing the LPB-Fe biopreparations, an increase in germination energy and seed viability by 10–20% was noted, as well as an increase in the average length of seedlings by 4–5 cm and their average weight by 5–26 mg. For a more complete understanding of the effect of biopreparations on the plant orga nism, the correlation coefficients (r) between the microbiological and biochemical parameters of the obtained biopreparations and the average values for the variant of germination energy, viability and biometric data of flax seedlings were calculated. A moderate inverse relationship was found between the germination of flax seeds of the Nadezhda variety and the number of microorganisms using orga nic forms of nitrogen (r = –0.64). A moderate direct relationship was also found between the activity of catalase and dehydrogenase enzymes and the average length of one seedling (r = 0.56 and 0.66, respectively). Whereas when studying the seeds of the Diplomat variety, the average weight of one raw sprout strongly correlated with the number of microorganisms using mineral forms of nitrogen (r = 0.85) and the total number of microorganisms using mineral and organic forms of nitrogen (r = 0.91).

The use of clonal apple rootstocks represents a potential prospect for horticulture in the southern part of the Irkutsk region. This paper presents the results of long-term research in the Southern Cis-Baikal region. All studies were conducted in 2018–2024 at the collection sites of the Institute of Physiology and Biochemistry of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, located in Irkutsk and the Irkutsk district of the Irkutsk region. The study of rootstocks in the nursery plantation and variety-rootstock combinations in the garden was carried out according to the Program and methodology for variety study of fruit, berry and nut crops. As a result of the evaluation of clonal rootstocks, the Arm-18 and K-2 genotypes were assessed as slightly winter-hardy when cultivated in the conditions of the Irkutsk region in the period from 2018–2024, the remaining genotypes were assessed as winter-hardy. We classified the Siberian berry apple clone, Ural, Ural 2, 4-12 (Volga 12) and E-56 as highly winter-hardy clonal rootstocks. To evaluate the variety-rootstock combinations, several genotypes of clonal rootstocks were grafted with the varieties of winter-hardy semi-cultivated apple trees. All clonal rootstocks used for grafting, except for the control, the Siberian berry apple clone, were assessed as winter-hardy, the Siberian berry apple clone as highly winter-hardy. The semi-cultivated apple trees grafted onto clonal rootstocks began to bear fruit a year earlier than those grafted onto the Siberian berry apple tree, while no significant differences in the productivity of the trees studied were noted. Long-term studies have shown that most of the clonal rootstocks studied are promising for further study.

The article presents the results of a study on the state of the potato industry and the seed production system in the Kamchatka Territory. An analysis of the 2020–2024 dynamics showed that the total potato area across all farm categories changed insignificantly (by 0.9 %; from 1.852 to 1.836 thousand ha), while the crop structure changed quite significantly: the area increased by 21.5 % in agricultural enterprises, while in peasant farms it decreased by 16.8 %, and in in private farms remained at the same level. By 2024, the gross potato harvest had decreased by 10.5 % (from 39.679 to 35.519 thousand tons), and the average yield declined to 18.2 t/ha (by 15 %). The most significant decrease was observed in agricultural enterprises, while private farms maintained the 2020 level. An agrobiological and economic evaluation of modern domestic potato varieties represented in the in vitro healthy varieties bank was conducted. Comprehensive assessment of yield, stability, and resistance to phytopathogens and adverse environmental factors made it possible to identify the forms adapted to the short and cool growing season. Among early-maturing varieties (Vzryvnoi, Karmen, Kupets, etc.), yields ranged from 24.6 to 31.8 t/ha; among the middle-early ones (Flamingo, Evraziya, Atletik) – 28.2–35.7 t/ha, exceeding the standard by up to 80% and more. Based on the share of seed fraction, the varieties Vzryvnoi, Karmen, Kupets, Flamingo, Kalinka, Evraziya, Atletik, Krasa, and Kumach are recommended for seed production. The obtained results make it possible to form a sustainable regional seed base based on domestic varieties that exceed the standard for yield and stability, as well as the yield of the seed fraction with an adapted cultivation technology (destruction of tops 10–14 days before harvesting to increase the yield of the seed fraction and reduce the risk of latent infections in the conditions of the Kamchatka Territory).

In the period from 2015 to 2024, the occurrence and abundance of green bristle-grass Setaria viridis (L.) Beauv. and yellow foxtail Setaria pumila (Poir.) Schult. were studied in the agrocenoses of the Primorsky Territory. Both species have been consistently present as weeds in soybean, corn, and early grain crops for 10 years, reaching high levels of occurrence (60–91%) and abundance (9.8–17.9 pcs/m²) in some years. To control these species in soybean crops, the most important crop for the south of the Far East, a search has been carried out for the herbicides with soil activity and capable of effectively protecting it at early stages of growth and development. For this purpose, in the conditions of a vegetation house in 2021–2022, the sensitivity of two types of bristle was studied to seven preparations approved for the protection of soybeans from weeds: Pledge, WP (active ingredient (a.i.) flumioxazine, 500 g/kg), Zenkor Ultra, SC (a.i. metribuzin, 600 g/l), Kommand, EC (a.i. klomazon, 480 g/l), Gezagard, SC (a.i. promethrin, 500 g/l), Gardo Gold, SC (a.i. C-metolachlor + terbutylazine, 312.5 + 187.5 g/l), Dual Gold, EC (a.i. C-metolachlor, 960 g/l), and Proponite, EC (a.i. propizochlor, 720 g/l). Herbicides in the maximum allowable rates were applied to the soil surface in vessels a day after sowing the weeds. In terms of reducing the crude aboveground biomass of both species of bristle grass, the maximum efficiency (96-100%) was demonstrated by Proponite at a rate of 3.0 l/ha, Dual Gold 1.6 l/ha, Gardo Gold 4.5 l/ha, and Gezagard 3.5 /ha.

The polymorphism of the genes CSN3, BLG, TNF-α-824, SCD1, Pit-1 and the relationship of their genotypes with milk productivity of Black-and-White cows were studied. Molecular genetic studies were conducted on the Black-and-White cows (n = 100). The genotype and allele frequency in the Black-and-White cows which is a consequence of the previous selection and breeding work was identified. A comparative assessment of the polymorphism of the studied genes with other Russian dairy breeds showed good agreement of the results. It was found that cows with the CSN3^AA genotype had a higher milk yield (by 707,3 kg) compared to the heterozygous genotype CSN3^AB; the fat mass fraction content was higher in cows with the CSN3^BB genotype by 0,76% compared to the CSN3^{AB genotype and by 0,69% with CSN3AA. Accordingly, cows with the CSN3BB genotype had a higher milk fat content (by 66,1 kg) than animals with the CSN3AB genotype. Cows with the BLGВB genotype had a milk yield of 944.4 kg more and a milk fat content of 46.2 kg higher compared to animals with the BLGAA genotype. Higher milk productivity was noted in heterozygous animals TNF-α-824GA, exceeding homozygous genotypes in milk yield by 688.7-753.8 kg, milk protein content by 20,7-27,2 kg, milk fat content by 20,6 kg. Cows with the SCD1CC genotype exceeded animals with alternative genotypes in milk yield by 511,3 and 792,1 kg. In terms of milk fat and protein content, cows with the SCD1CC genotype have a priority position. Cows with different Pit-1AA genotypes had a slight advantage in protein content. The identified associative links of the CSN3, BLG, TNF-α-824, SCD1, Pit-1 genotypes with milk yield and milk quality can be used in selection by selecting and matching parental pairs with desirable genotypes.}

The article describes the urgent problem of reducing reproductive function in cattle of the Hereford and Kazakh white-headed breeds, which has a significant impact on the economic performance of animal husbandry. The main attention is paid to three key genetic disorders: hypotrichosis (HY), idiopathic epilepsy (IE) and dilutor phenotype (DL), which significantly reduce productivity and reproductive abilities of animals. The materials discuss in detail the molecular and genetic mechanisms of each of the disorders. Key genes (MC1R, PMEL, KRT71) responsible for the development of the coat have been identified for hypotrichosis. In the case of idiopathic epilepsy, the focus is on mutations in the DYRK1B gene that affect neurological functions. The dilutor phenotype, which manifests itself in a decrease in pigmentation, is mainly associated with the PMEL mutation (p.Leu18del). It has been established that hypotrichosis associated with mutations in the KRT71 and LYN genes has a low prevalence in Russian Aberdeen-Angus populations (0.02%), but a high prevalence in Uruguayan Herefords (41.2%). There is no data on the prevalence of IE in Herefords and Kazakh white-headed breeds. Dilutor-phenotype, associated mainly with mutations in the PMEL gene, was identified in Hereford cattle. It has been established that this genetic disorder has a pleiotropic effect, improving the quality of meat, but increasing the sensitivity of animals to solar radiation. Modern methods of genomic analysis (PCR, sequencing, GWAS) allow for the effective detection of carriers of abnormalities. A promising approach is the use of genomic editing (CRISPR-Cas9) to create climate-adapted cattle lines without compromising productivity. The development of genetic monitoring and selection systems based on DNA testing is necessary to minimize economic losses and increase the efficiency of breeding work. Special attention is paid to the need to control imported breeding material and develop strategies for managing genetic risks.

The aim of this work was to determine the immune status of Red Steppe cows with different levels of milk productivity and blood relationship across the upgrading breeds. The studies were conducted on a farm in the Omsk region. To determine the immune status of dairy cows, they were divided into three groups based on lifetime milk yield, productivity level, blood relationship across the upgrading breeds, pregnancy period, and health status. The first group consisted of the animals with low productivity (20,000–25,000 kg; n = 7), the second – with medium productivity (25,000–30,000 kg; n = 10), and the third – with high productivity (30,000 kg or more; n = 7). Statistical data processing was performed using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), as well as a special program for asses sing the effectiveness of immune responses using the normalized deviations method, which allowed for prompt diagnostics of impaired immunological reactivity of various immunocompetent cells and assessment of their functional state. The reliability of differences was determined using the Student's t-test with an error probability of p < 0.05. As a result of the conducted research, it was established that with an increase in Holstein blood (51% and higher), the resistance of the animal’s body decreases to a pronounced immunodeficiency without clinical manifestations. It turned out that the deviations identified in all individuals were associated with a disruption of the immune function of neutrophils. A decrease in the absolute concentration of neutrophils and lymphocytes was found in the group of low-yielding animals, compared with the group with average productivity by 16.5 and 16.0%, respectively, and when compared with the cows with high milk yield – by 20.5 and 21.5%. Also in this group, the concentration of T-lymphocytes was reduced by 39%, B-lymphocytes by 54% and cytoto xic T-lymphocytes by 52%. Holsteinized cows with Angler blood content of 50% or more had strong immunity with high lifetime milk yield.

The article presents the results of an evaluation of the effectiveness of a new product based on natural raw materials for the treatment of young cattle from gastrointestinal diseases accompanied by diarrhea. The object of the study was two groups of newborn calves with signs of diarrhea. The expe rimental group animals received the product we developed (composition: rhizome of bergenia, fennel leaf, calendula flowers, amaranth seeds, probiotic, NaCl), the control group received the gastric herbal collection No. 1 (composition: rhizome of bergenia, caraway seeds, yarrow and saltwort herb, currant and plantain leaves). The therapy for each calf was carried out according to the following scheme: twice (morning and evening) orally in the form of a decoction at a dosage of 2 ml/kg of live weight. As a result of the experiment, on the 3rd day of therapy, the treatment effectiveness in the experimental group was 90%, in the control group on the 7th day – 80%. Moreover, the general blood test results in the experimental group were within the normal range on the 10th day of treatment. In the control, the level of leukocytes and hematocrit exceeded the reference values by 40.4 and 15.7%, respectively (p < 0.001). Positive dynamics towards normalization of values were observed in the biochemical status of the experimental group of young animals. In the control group, the water-salt metabolism indicators (Na, K) were below the norm by 41.2 and 20.7%, respectively, the calcium level was lo wer by 63.1% (p < 0.001), the phosphorus and iron indicators corresponded to the lower limit of the norm. The cost of a treatment course with the experimental agent was 123 rubles, and with the control agent – 260 rubles per calf. The average daily gain in live weight in the experimental group was 69.5% higher than the control data (p < 0.001). In order to prevent economic losses associated with calf mortality and the loss of weight gain, the studied phyto probiotic complex is recommended for use at the first signs of diarrhea as a safe astringent, anti-inflammatory and enveloping agent.

The effect of the use of pro- and prebiotics in feed on some physiological (fish-biological and hematological) parameters of tilapia larvae has been studied. The object of the study was the larvae of the Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus), which switched to active nutrition. The fish were divided into 4 groups: control – feed without the addition of a probiotic drug; experiment 1 – feed with the addition of the prebiotic inulin; experiment 2 – feed with the addition of a probiotic drug + inulin; experiment 3 – feed with the addition of a probiotic drug. The experiment was conducted at the Laboratory of Aquaculture and Aquatic Bioresources of the Southern Scientific Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences. Experimental batches of feed, including feed with the addition of a probiotic drug containing strains of Bacillus velezensis bacteria and possessing enzymatic activity, as well as the inulin prebiotic, were manufactured at the Don State Technical University. During the first 6 weeks of the experiment, weight gain was higher in the еxperiment 3. At this stage, we can talk about early effects on the microflora of larvae and the prospects of using a probiotic drug to increase survival and growth rate at the initial stages of cultivation. Then the weight gain in the experiment 3 decreased slightly, which may indicate that probiotics can modulate the intestinal microflora and cause negative effects over time, but these data have not been confirmed by hematological parameters, which in all groups were within the limits of the reference values typical for this species. Sufficiently high levels of hemoglobin, the number of red blood cells and platelets, and the leukocyte intoxication index according to V.K. Ostrovsky testified to the positive effect of inulin and a probiotic drug on tilapia's health. Thus, the use of the prebiotic inulin and a probiotic drug containing bacterial strains of Bacillus velezensis had a positive effect on the health and immunity of juvenile tilapia.

A brief overview of the results of the studies of soil fertility in Siberia is presented. Quantitative analysis of grain production processes in the years with varying weather conditions was conducted; experimental evidence was provided to demonstrate the absence of the need for special regulation of humus content in the soil; the role of the mobile fraction of soil organic matter in stabilizing humus reserves was revealed. The possibility of nitrogen migration beyond the root zone was established with an average annual nitrogen balance close to the deficit-free one. The method for calculating the comparative efficiency of biological and technical nitrogen under specific agro-technological conditions was proposed. The necessity of calculating the doses of phosphorus fertilizers for grain crops based on the amount of element alienation with the grain yield was substantiated. It was shown that for the forest-steppe conditions of the Ob region, the dose of P_40–60 recommended for the soils of the Russian Federation is excessive and does not pay off in terms of grain yield. The contribution of a complex of chemicals to the increase in the yield of spring wheat was estimated: the contribution of herbicides is about 10%, fungicides – 20%, mineral fertilizers – 70% with a payback of 1 kg of active ingredient of 12.4 kg of grain. Classification of the years based on the weather conditions was proposed for calculating the economic feasibility of using fertilizers in the years with different moisture conditions. The Agroten program was created for decision-making on the use of intensification tools in crop cultivation technologies. Soil microbiological principles for minimizing primary tillage in the Ob region were formulated. New methods for assessing the resilience of soil microbiomes to agrogenic stress factors were patented by the Russian Federation. A scale for assessing the probability of accumulation of pesticide residues in soil was proposed. The idea that straw is a renewable resource for agrocenoses, ensuring their ecotoxicological well-being, was experimentally substantiated. The first stage of a metagenomic analysis of the microbiome of leached chernozem in the Ob region was completed.