Results are presented from investigations on studying effects of various fallows on the humus content in soil. Investigations were conducted in the central part of the right bank area of Nizhny Novgorod, in a moderately warm agroclimatic district from 1997 to 2010. The soil of the experimental land plot is light-gray forest, medium-loamy, on loess loams. A short-cycle crop rotation was composed of the following crops: barley with complimentary seeding perennial legumes; fallow (green, full, bare); spring or winter wheat; oats. The green manure crops were Trio early-ripening cultivar of red clover, perennial lupine; the fallow-grown crops were red clover, vetch with oats; bare fallow with (40 tonnes per ha) and without manure. Investigations were carried out in two establishments against two backgrounds of mineral nutrition. The beginning of the first establishment was in 1997, second in 1999. The results showed that the use of perennial legumes (perennial lupine, red clover) and manured fallow in a crop rotation as forecrops for spring wheat contributed to increased humus content in soil as compared with a bare fallow by 0.16-0.55%. The application of manure to a bare fallow did not resulted in increased humus content in soil under winter wheat, the action of perennial grasses manifested sharply. The afteraction effect of fallows, used in the experiment, on the humus content in soil under oats was traced weakly, and manifested only as a trend. The maximum positive balance was obtained in a crop rotation with using green fallows of red clover and lupine. It made up +2.71 and +2.93 in the first establishment, and +1.67 and +1.68 in the second establishment, respectively.

Results are given from field and laboratory research into resistance of spring rapeseed cultivars to a complex of fungal pathogens. Investigations were conducted on the experimental fields located in Novosibirsk Region, and in the laboratory in 2011-2014. To evaluate a degree of resistance of spring rapeseed cultivars and specimens to fungoid infections were used the methods for determining occurrence and development of diseases in the fields by means of standard scales. In addition, there was carried out the analysis of seed material, collected for the years of studies, by sowing seeds on a nutritional medium to determine pathogenic levels. In the field environment, we studied the development of seed-borne and leaf-borne diseases on various spring rapeseed cultivars against a natural infectious background, and under different weather conditions during several years. As a result, several cultivars (Dubravinsky, SibNIIK 21) with complex resistance to black blight and Fusarium wilt were selected. The cultivars Nadezhny 92 and ANIISH 4 were less susceptible to Fusarium wilt under arid conditions of the growing period. The resistant cultivars selected by studies could be used in the further breeding process. On the other hand, there were certain spring rapeseed cultivars, such as SNK 42, which were highly susceptible to Fusarium wilt. The seed phytoexpertise showed that seed contamination depended on weather conditions during the growing and harvesting periods. A complex of plant pathogens on spring rapeseed seeds was defined. The high rate of seed contamination with Alternaria fungi has been found that indicates a need for protection measures.

Results are given from tests of large-seeded sunflower varieties from different breeding institutions of Russia, carried out under conditions of southern forest steppe of Western Siberia in 2010-2015. The varieties mostly adapted to weather conditions of the test area turned out to be Kulundinskiy 1, Baloven and Sibirskiy 12 bred in Siberia with the growing period of 95-104 days, thousand-seed weight of 82.3-86.5 g, seed yield of 2.81-3.11 tonnes per ha, and oil collection of 1169-1382 kg per ha. Unlike in high-oil varieties, large-seeded ones have heavy seed yields, increased husk content and thousand-seed weight, but reduced oil content. Work to reduce the growing period of large-seeded sunflower varieties remains relevant for the southern forest steppe of Western Siberia. Investigations carried out on the large-seeded variety Baloven in 2010-2012 showed that as plant density increased from 30 to 70 ths units per ha, thousand-seed weight decreased from 101.5 to 75.3 g, but seed yield increased from 3.03 to 4.05 tonnes per ha, oil content from 46.5 to 48.6%, and oil collection from 1.27 to 1.77 tonnes per ha, respectively. This raw material differing in quality makes its possible to meet the requirements of confectionery and butter industries. Under conditions of the southern forest steppe of Western Siberia, the optimal plant density by harvesting time, taking into account soil moisture availability, should make up 20-30 ths units per ha with row wide of more than 70 cm.

There were found the patterns of changing soil fraction structure as well as width of track and furrow profile left by blades of seeder units depending on their width, operating speed of a unit and soil moisture. A mathematical model is given to determine the width of track left by the hoe blade on soil. The mathematical model was verified by experiments with blades of 260, 370 and 410 mm wide carried out at the Siberian Research Institute of Mechanization and Electrification of Agriculture. There were determined confidence intervals at 5% significance level for the average value of track width. Calculated values of track widths are different from actual ones by no more than 4.4%. The model adequately describes the operation of the blade within operating speeds of the unit from 4 to 8 km/h (1.11-2.22 m/c). The width of track is influenced by soil adhered to the blade. With that, a soil wedge, which shapes the inclination of the blade working surface, is formed. When it reaches the critical values of 30 - 35o, the blade begins pushing soil, and the track from it is getting deeper. With soil density of 0.98-1.1 g/cm3 and average moisture of 13.7%, the 260 mm blade leaves a deeper furrow than the 370 and 410 mm blades do. Soil moisture significantly influences the fraction structure of soil in the track. With increasing moisture, the amount of soil aggregates larger than 50 mm decreases, and the amount of soil aggregates lesser than 10 mm does not increase.

There are described the methods for forecasting remaining resource of assemblies and units of trucks resulting from diagnostics of their parameters and formation of control decisions for machine maintenance in the environment of a spreadsheet. Realization of the methods for forecasting parameters of technical conditions of trucks’ assemblies and units by means of computer was performed by way of example of 5 models of KAMAZ trucks. Investigations were carried out in Novosibirsk Region. To realize the forecasting methods was generated program-algorithmic and information support as a package consisting of some e-books. The first e-book forms the pool of data on type and quantitative structure of truck fleet of an enterprise. The other e-books contain on-line data on the vehicles maintained in the form of general information about models, including current information about each unit of a model. General information contains reference parameters of conditions of assemblies and units of a truck, and data on mileage by the time of diagnosing. Current information about each model is parameters of assemblies and units diagnosed as well as reports on forecasting findings. The methods developed are realized based on the package of Excel 2010 spreadsheet. The methods make it possible to increase forecasting accuracy, and significantly reduce labor costs for forecasting. The general structure of program-algorithmic and information decisions can be used for other types of trucks. However, information and normative components of such a structure should be adjusted taking into account technical specifications of certain models.

There were identified ways to improve the performance of the harvesting-transportation system for harvesting grain crops by using means for positioning and monitoring machines on a field. Studies were conducted in the forest-steppe zone of Western Siberia from 2007 to 2015 throughout nine harvesting periods. Grain yields amounted to 3.5 tonnes per ha, transportation distances up to 25 km. Taking into account peculiarities of the harvesting-transportation system due to remoteness of fields from post-harvesting grain handling stations, loading and unloading times, an expression was obtained to determine the cycle time of transport facilities for a specific technological scheme using positioning and monitoring means. The use of systems for positioning and monitoring the technical means during harvesting and transportation makes it possible to reduce downtimes, and enhance the system performance. In case of direct-flow grain transportations, the use of machine positioning and monitoring systems results in 12-23% reduction in interdependent idle times of machines; the performance of harvesting-transportation system at the same time is 7-11% lower than the estimated maximum, and rational transportation distances are no more than 12-15 km. When dump trailers are used, the operation of combine harvesters is more independent of transport facilities, and the number of truck tractors decreases by the number of harvesters in the system. This technological scheme of transportation is expedient at distances of up to 5 km; with that, the performance of the harvesting-transportation system increases by 4.9%. With a random distribution of grain threshing places, the building of unloading lines with the use of positioning and monitoring means three times reduces ineffective runs of machines on the field.

There was studied the process of changing the state of an engine, and the laws of heat transfer in the engine in acceleration-rundown mode in cold weather. Search experiments on studying the effects of engine warming-up modes under different conditions after starting for warming-up time were performed. The study was conducted on the petrol engine ZMZ-406 with distributed fuel injection. There is given a mathematical model of warming-up times after starting in cold weather depending on ambient temperatures, on temperature of the engine before warming-up represented by cooling liquid temperature, on rotary speed of the crankshaft. The variation levels of these factors were determined. All of them are important, and have a significant impact on the response function. The analysis of experimental data is presented in the form of a second-order regression equation. According to the model, response surfaces were built to visually assess an impact of one or other parameter on changing the total warming-up time. It has been experimentally found that the total warming-up time is mostly influenced by rotary speed of the crankshaft. The coolant temperature has a significant impact, too, and the ambient temperature has the least impact. There is given an assessment of this method for warming up the petrol engine in cold weather.

Results are given from studies on expanding the range of flour products (pelmeni) targeted at consumers with cash income lower than the subsistence minimum. By using the reference protein FAO/WHO and the theory of calculation of amino acid food quality by academician N.N. Lipatov, formula of experimental pelmeni has been composed, which contains minimized raw meat but meets the current norms of rational nutrition as to key protein and energy parameters. To give an analytical integrated assessment of pelmeni formula balanceness as to metabolizable energy and recycled essential amino acids, a comprehensive indicator is suggested, which represents an energy/essential amino acid ratio (ENAKO) reflecting the amount of product’s energy in kcal per 1 g of recycled essential amino acids standardized by MR 2.3.1.1915-04. The formula of experimental pelmeni is composed with using data obtained from chemical analysis of innovative high-protein wheat supplement. The use of this supplement enables the calculated ENAKO of pelmeni to meet the norms of rational nutrition, and at the same time to reduce the raw meat content by 46-68% as compared with traditional formula of pelmeni. Resulting from studies, formula of experimental pelmeni was obtained, which have considerably lesser meat content but possess appropriate energy-protein quality as compared with the control pelmeni. All ingredients of the experimental pelmeni are presented by local raw materials.

Results are given from studies on the influence of breeding bulls and their line identity on productive life of their daughters under conditions of Irkutsk Region. The materials for investigations were the data of electronic database SELEX. The objects of studies were high-productive Black-and-White cows of the Pribaikalskiy type adapted to conditions of Irkutsk Region and retired from the herd for the period of 2010-2014. The line identity considerably influences the period of productive use of a cow. It is revealed in more detail when assessed breeding bulls as to productive longevity of their daughters, because they have significant differences within a certain line in passing on important selection traits to their offspring. The analysis has shown that a certain sire influences in its different way the productive qualities of its offspring under similar housing and feeding conditions. It has been found that cows of different lines significantly differ in periods of productive use. The highest values of productive life were in cows of the line Reflection Sovering 198988: 4 lactations, milk yield per a day of lactation of 23.9 kg at the average duration of lactation of 1216 days. The best results on productive longevity were in daughters of the bull Grand 2171 of the line Vis Beck Ideal 933122, and made up 4.27 lactations on average. The maximum milk yield per a day of lactation, 23.4 kg, was obtained from the daughters of the bull Galley 1165; however, they were observed to have the least duration of productive use of 2.69 lactations. The line Reflection Sovering 198988 was represented by daughters of the bull Bezine 9. The duration of their productive use of 4 lactations makes it possible to conduct breeding work on this trait. For more efficient breeding for this trait, it is necessary to select breeding bulls characterized by productive longevity of daughters to be used in a herd.

Results are given from investigations on evaluating conformation of horses of the Eastern-Sayan ecotype of Buryat breed inhabiting the Eastern Sayan Mountain in the Republic of Buryatia at a height of 1800 m above sea level. There were studied live weight measurements, conformation and color indices, and reproductive ability characteristics of mares. It is shown that stallions and mares of this ecotype yield to Altaian, Buryat, Priobsky, Tuvinian and Khakass horse breeds in withers height, oblique body length, and live weight on the average. However, these animals have adaptive mechanisms to highland habitat conditions: data on circumferences of chest and metacarpus indicate the superiority of these indicators in the horses studied as compared with horses of the other populations. Close relationship was found between body weight and withers height (r = 0.64), chest circumference (r = 0.50), and metacarpus circumference (r = 0.49). Most horses have bay, red, palomino, and pied colors with bay color prevailed (26.8%). The average fertility of mares was 89.6% at 100-percent foaling. The number of non-fertilized mares was 10.4%. The foals at birth had their live weight of 33-42 kg. The safety of foals at 12 months of age made up 90%. More experienced mares were characterized by high fecundity and the young stock by survival ability when kept on pasture all year round.

Results are given from investigations on studying physiological status of poultry when used feed supplements and antibiotic Diling. The object of study was broiler chickens divided into one control and three experimental groups. The control group was on a basal diet; the experimental groups received supplements in addition to the basal diet, as follows: first - antibiotic Diling, as a prophylactic agent, second - antibiotic Diling and lactic acid feed supplement in a dose of 0.25 ml per head a day, third - antibiotic Diling and a vitamin-amino acid complex in a dose of 0.1 ml per head a day. The following parameters were taken into account: safety of poultry, liveweight gain, blood morphological and biochemical compositions, condition of the internal organs. The live weight of birds turned out to be maximum in the third experimental group, received the vitamin-amino acid complex. The worst was in the second group, received the vitamin-amino acid complex. The total protein concentration in blood serum of chickens from all the experimental groups during the starter period was at the same level. Certain protein fractions such as Alb, a, b, g globulins had no significant differences across groups. In chickens at 3 weeks of age was found a significantly lower serum protein concentration in birds, received only antibiotic. The same difference took place regarding alpha globulins (exceptions were the chickens, received the vitamin-amino acid complex). The chickens, received the lactic acid feed supplement and vitamin-amino acid complex, were distinguished by higher values of beta globulins. No stimulation of the synthesis of gamma globulins in birds as influenced by supplements, except for chickens with vitamin-amino acid complex, was found.

There was determined the efficacy of the new probiotic preparation Akvapurin, based on spore-forming bacteria Bacillus siamensis, on fish farming and biological indices of larvae in Altaian mirror carp when reared. The effect of biologically active preparations Polivedrim and Fagostim on biological and physiological parameters of Sibiryak cross broiler chickens was revealed. Doses and application schemes of the preparations were taken into account. The preliminary results obtained allow us to talk of the prospects for the application of biologically active preparations for improving physiological parameters of fish and birds at early stages of their development. The use of the probiotic preparation Akvapurin on carp larvae improved their survival ability by 13.92% and average daily gain by 25% as compared with the analogs from the control group. The expressivity of these changes depended on doses and preparation application schemes. The use of the preparations Polivedrim and Fagostim stimulated growth and development of broiler chickens, and improved their safety by 20%. Polivedrim was most effective at early stages of ontogenesis. Administration of this preparation normalizes morphological and biochemical blood values in chickens as well as influences heavy metals elimination from the bird’s organism. Biochemical properties of meat and hematological parameters of blood of the chickens were within the limits of physiological norms. Despite a small increase in production costs, the use of the immunostimulating preparations Polivedrim and Fagostim resulted in reduced cost price of 1 kg liveweight gain owing to increased gross gain in the experimental groups of chickens as compared with the control. Incomes and cost effectiveness of production in the experimental groups were increased as well. The preparations have no negative effect on the organisms of fish and birds; however, investigations on studying pharmacodynamics of the preparations need to be continued.

There is given an analysis of the epizootic situation for invasive diseases resulted from ovolarvascopic examinations of feces samples from antlered, sika and European deer, fallow deer, mouflon, and wild boars at the hunting farm “Shchuchye”, Tver Region,. Investigations were conducted by researchers of the All-Russian Research Institute for Antlered deer Farming from 2014 to 2016. The basic structure of causative agents of parasitic diseases, such as gastrointestinal strongyles, elaphostrongyles, moniezii, roundworms, nematodiry, Amery and itch mites, was determined. Species composition of helminth fauna and parasitic protozoa tends to increase. The most common parasites were observed in all groups of the animals examined. Diseases specific for each animal species were determined. A feature of anthropogenic impact on host-parasite relationships was observed. There were determined incidence and intensity of infestation of animals including minimum and maximum values. Increases and decreases in infestation level in ungulates were established across years with the maximum indices in 2015, minimum level in 2014, and average infestation in 2016. The analysis of the epizootic situation for 2014-2016 has shown that both extensive and intensive indices of infestation increase because of the absence of prophylactic and therapeutic dehelminhtizations. In the natural environment, habitat areas of wild are much larger than enclosures at hunting farms; hence, contamination of the territory with larvae and eggs of helminths takes place more intensively than in the natural environment that results in increased infestation of captured animal species.

A model of circumscribed peritonitis in the nonlinear laboratory mice with disease duration of no less than 15 days has been developed. In the experiment, quick death of animals restricts possibilities of studying a disease and its treatment methods. The model is based on the intraperitoneal administration of the xenogenic fecal suspension prepared from rats’ fresh feces. It was established that after introduction of 0.4 ml of 10% suspension, the disease developed progressively for about 15 days (observation period). Noticeable worsening of the animal health took place on the 8th day. During this period of the experiment, the animals periodically got depressed: they were sluggish, inactive, and reluctantly consumed the food. Their fur was getting ruffled. The abdomen in most animals took the asymmetric form. The survival by the 15th day was 100%. The development of peritonitis was confirmed by pathoanatomical studies. On the third day after injection of suspension, vasodilation of the abdominal wall and organs of the abdominal cavity in all the animals were revealed. The noticeable exudate in the abdominal cavity was not detected. On the 15th day, the hemorrhages in the mesentery of small intestine and omentum were revealed. In 43% of cases were detected two or three rounded suppurative focuses of 2-3 mm size on the surface of the liver. The abscesses were found in the cranial and caudal areas of the abdomen in all the mice. The linear dimensions of the abscesses ranged from 4 to 12 mm, their number per animal was not more than 5. The largest abscesses were identified in the left cranial area of the abdominal cavity. The dense adhesions were revealed near the abscesses. The suggested method for modeling peritonitis provides a gradual development of the disease and the absence of lethality during 15 days.

There was studied the fitness of first-calf cows of Red Steppe and Simmental breeds from commercial dairy herds in the North-Western Kazakhstan to machine milking. The characteristic is given to morphological and functional features of the udder in Red Steppe cows as compared with Simmentals. Visually, most Red Steppe cows had the sufficiently dense udder and its dense attachment. The heifers of both breeds had a desirable line of the udder bottom. The Red Steppe cows yielded to Simmentals in the udder measurements studied. There were established the significant differences in the udder depth by 3 cm and in the height of the udder above ground by 3.4 cm in favor of Simmentals. As to basic parameters (udder circumference, udder length, udder width, and teat diameter), no significant inter-group distinctions were found. The animals examined had a standard height of the udder above floor: 54.4 cm in Red Steppe cows, and 57.8 cm in Simmentals on the average. Most cows possessing the glandular udder and a greater degree of its recession after milking were at the Red Steppe group. The Simmental heifers had somewhat worse indices. All the experimental animals had the desirable form and size of the teats. Milk flow intensity in Red Steppe cows was 0.10 kg/min more than that in even-aged Simmentals. As compared with Simmentals, Red Steppe heifers turned out to be best in recession of their udders after milking.

Tendencies of developing the dairy cattle industry in Krasnoyarsk Territory in 2008-2014 were revealed. It was found that the reduction in dairy cattle herds in the region for the period above was greatly influenced by the reduced number of agricultural organizations. The industry has features making it different from other sectors that require a special approach to it from agricultural producers. An analysis revealed the growth in milk production performance of the herds by 24.8%. With that, a determining factor in the development of dairy cattle breeding in the region is the government support. There are named agricultural organizations, being leaders in producing milk above 6000 kg per head, which are continuously supported by the government. Budget financing of the sector was revealed to be mainly direct subsidies. The dynamics of government support for agricultural organizations of Krasnoyarsk Territory was determined. For 2008-2014, financial allocations to the dairy industry were observed to reduce. The effectiveness of subsidizing was evaluated based on a suggested indicator defined as a ratio of the increase in milk production performance of a herd to the amount of subsidies providing this increase. It has been concluded that dairy cattle breeding remains ineffective due to imperfection of measures undertaken by the government. The objective reasons distorting evaluation of the effectiveness of subsidies are identified.