The paper is devoted to the study of photosynthetic activity and aftereffect of low positive temperature on CO2-gas exchange of the leaves in connection with the productivity of early maturing corn hybrid Dorka in the central agroclimatic region of the Komi Republic (61°40′ N, 50°49′ E). The experiments were conducted in a typical growing season in a plot with a medium-cultivated podzolic soil. The seeds were sown in mid-June by hand in the ridges. By harvesting (I ten-day period of September), the raw weight of the above-ground part of the plants was about 690 g. The main part of the biomass (about 80%) was represented by stems with leaf sheaths, the cobs were absent. The three-year average yield of the green mass amounted to 355 c/ha. It was found that regardless of the age of the plants photosynthetic activity of the leaves increases with increasing illumination. At the intensity of photosynthetically active radiation close to full solar radiation and temperature 20 oC, the net photosynthesis rate of the upper tier leaves of young corn plants was about 14 μmol CO₂/m²s, in mature plants this index did not exceed 8 μmol CO₂/m²s. Keeping young plants (phase of 4–5 leaves) in a cold chamber at 6 ºC for 7 h had little effect on photosynthesis, but reduced leaf respiration. Increasing the exposure to 12 h resulted in the development of the signs of oxidative stress and suppression of assimilation by 40%. The obtained data complete the ecological and biological characterization of the studied corn hybrid. The results of the research show that relatively low assimilatory activity and sensitivity of CO₂ gas exchange to temperature decrease restrain the realization of photosynthetic productivity potential of corn hybrid Dorka in cold climate.

The results of studying the production of ecologically pure oils from seeds and fruits of agricultural crops using the technologies rationally combining chemical and biological directions of plant protection are presented. Oil flax is a valuable source of polyunsaturated fats, contains a significant amount of protein, dietary fiber, belongs to the products of functional orientation. The research on the effect of preparations of biological origin on the yield of oil flax seeds was carried out in the Kirov region. The application of the preparations humate +7 “Healthy Harvest” and pseudobacterin-2L was studied in the field experiment. The studies were conducted on oil flax of the Severny variety, treating its seeds, vegetative plants in the “herringbone” phase, as well as combining these two methods of treatment.
The preparations were applied in pure form and their complex combination was used. It was found that preparations of biological origin significantly increase field germination by 2.4% on average in the variants of the experiment. Maximum excess of control was observed in the variants with seed treatment with humate +7 “Healthy Harvest” (85.6%), as well as with a complex of preparations of biological origin (humate +7 “Healthy Harvest” + pseudobacterin-2L) (86.3%), double use of the complex leads to an increase in viability by 7.4%. The greatest effect of application on seed yield was observed when the studied preparations were used for pre-sowing treatment and applied twice. The maximum level of yield was observed with twofold use of a complex of preparations of biological origin (1.43 t/ha). A reliable positive effect of double application of the complex of preparations of biological origin on the number of bolls on one plant (12.3 pcs.) was established. Treatment of seeds with humate +7 “Healthy Harvest” as well as double application of the studied preparations and their complex (on average by 16%) increases the number of full-grown seeds in a boll. No reliable effect of biological origin preparations on 1000 seed weight was found. The use of complex humate +7 “Healthy Harvest” + pseudobacterin-2L for pre-sowing seed treatment and subsequent treatment of plants in the “herringbone” phase can be recommended to grow oil flax according to the technology that provides for an increase in the degree of biologization,

The effect of different growing conditions, including different compositions of nutrient medium and different sources of illumination, on the development of potato microplants of the Solnechny variety under in vitro laboratory conditions was studied. Using full-spectrum LED lamps and modified Murashige-Skoog nutrient medium with reduced agar-agar content, plants showed a 25% increase in height and a 19% decrease in lamina surface area. The microplants grown using full-spectrum LED lamps and modified Murashige-Skoog nutrient medium with reduced agar-agar content and addition of indolylacetic acid at a concentration of 0.1 mg/ l differed from the control ones by reduced height (by 23%), the number of internodes (by 24%) and the number of leaves (by 26%). Using full-spectrum LED lamps and modified Murashige-Skoog nutrient medium with reduced agar-agar content (4 g/l) and addition of indolylacetic acid at a concentration of 0.5 mg/l, a decrease in the number of internodes by 24%, leaves by 14, lamina surface area by 39%, acceleration of rhizogenesis and increase in root system weight by 117% were observed. Microplants grown using linear LED lamps and modified Murashige-Skoog nutrient medium supplemented with indolylacetic acid at a concentration of 0.1 mg/l were 70% taller than controls, had 48% reduced leaf mass, 53% reduced lamina surface area, and 36% increased stem mass. Microplants grown using linear LED lamps and modified Murashige-Skoog nutrient medium showed a 73% increase in stem height, a 20% or 1 unit increase in the number of internodes, a 17% increase in root system length, an acceleration of rhizogenesis, and a 39% decrease in leaf area. Methods of cultivation of healthy potato microplants of the Solnechny variety have been developed, aimed at accelerated generation of a large number of plants and preparation of microplants for transplanting to aerohydroponic plants.

The article presents the results of physiological and biochemical assessment of frost resistance of six grape varieties of different ecological and geographical origin in the conditions of the Krasnodar Territory: Dostoyny, Krasnostop AZOS, Vostorg (Russia), Crystal (Hungary), Aligote (France), Zarif (Tajikistan). Shoot water content was determined by the gravimetric method after drying the samples in a thermostat at 105 °C to constant weight. The content of carbohydrates (starch and soluble sugars) was determined by photocolorimetric anthrone method, the concentration of proline was determined by capillary electrophoresis. It was found that shoot water content and starch content decreased during the autumn-winter period and depended on the variety. The Crystal, Krasnostop AZOS, Vostorg varieties showed the greatest decrease in shoot tissue water content (by 13.54–15.11%) compared to the Aligote and Zarif varieties, for which this indicator decreased by 6.50 and 7.83%. All the studied varieties demonstrated a positive correlation between shoot hydration and starch content (r = 0,91). As a result of reserve starch hydrolysis, the sugar content increased by 1.90–1.98 times in Crystal, Krasnostop AZOS, Vostorg, compared to Aligote and Zarif, where it increased by 1.22 and 1.41 times. A negative correlation was observed between starch and soluble sugar content (r = –0,88). Increased concentration of proline by the beginning of the dormancy period was observed in the varieties Crystal, Krasnostop AZOS, Vostorg (20.01–25.34 µg/g crude weight), in Aligote and Zarif the value of this indicator amounted to 15.16–18.04 µg/g crude weight. Correlation dependencies between the studied physiological and biochemical parameters were revealed. A higher correlation was observed between water content and starch content (r = 0.91) than between water content and proline content (r = –0.47). The varieties Crystal, Krasnostop AZOS, Vostorg, distinguished by physiological and biochemical indicators as highly resistant to low negative temperatures, can be used in selection for developing frost-resistant varieties.

Studies on growing potato minitubers of four potato varieties on aeroponic and hydroponic plants in comparison with the traditional method of minitubers production (in the field) were carried out. The best result was obtained on aeroponic plants, the yield of minitubers from one plant amounted to 54.1 pieces, on hydroponic plants and in the field, it was less in 5.0 and 5.6 times. Potato varieties responded differently to controlled aeroponics and hydroponics conditions. The varieties Sokur and Zlatka were more adapted with the yields of 77.8 and 60.0 pieces, respectively, on aeroponics and 17.5 and 11.2 pieces on hydroponics. Lina and Safo varieties were less adapted with the yields of 35.5 and 43.0 pieces on aeroponics and 8.0 and 6.1 pieces on hydroponics, respectively. Artificial conditions for growing potato minitubers and indications for harvesting minitubers by size, which determines tuber maturity, did not allow to realize the varietal potential of the variety in terms of dry matter and starch content. Underperformance on these parameters averaged 6.2 and 4.4% for aeroponic plants and 6.7 and 4.2% for hydroponics compared to field tubers. High yield (number of minitubers from one plant) is the main indicator in the production of source material for potato seed production, it gives reason to consider the aeroponic method of minitubers production as the best alternative to traditional methods of material production in the field and greenhouses. This method allows to significantly increase the production of minitubers, reduce the process of seed production by increasing the multiplication rate in nurseries.

The results of the study of economic traits and morphological indices of the leaves of collection samples of soybean grown in the conditions of the Primorsky Territory are presented. The influence of leaf structural elements on the crop yield was established. The research was performed from 2021 to 2023 in the Soybean Breeding Laboratory. Stable high yield values were observed in the varieties of Russian origin – Primorskaya 4 (277.1 g/m2), Briz (286.4 g/m2), Primorskaya 13 (290.7 g/m2). 33.3% of soybean samples were characterized by large seeds (1000 seeds weight of more than 190 g). High content of protein in seeds (more than 40%) was formed in the samples Kyoto, Briz, Primorskaya 13; oil (more than 24%) – Primorskaya 4, ХN 4, Charm. The large size of the leaf lamina was distinguished in the varieties XN 4 (237.8 cm2) and Briz (180.7 cm2), while the small size was observed in NS Mina (101.3 cm2). Leaf area index (LAI) of the varieties ranged from 5.5 to 8.7 m2/m2, with high values observed in the accessions Kyoto, Charm, Briz, and XN 4. Maximum chlorophyll content in leaves was found in the varieties Hei-he 4 and Doch Vikinga. A strong correlation between productivity and leaf area index was found in 58.3% of soybean varieties. As the leaf lamina area increased, varieties decreased in productivity, the correlation ranged from –0.05 to –0.98. As the number of leaves on the plant increased, the productivity level of the varieties increased. With increasing chlorophyll content in soybean leaves, productivity decreased, except for two medium-early maturing varieties Kyoto and Hei-he 4.

In the Non-Black Earth zone of the Russian Federation, in particular in the conditions of the Bryansk region, there is a tendency of a decrease in sown areas of winter rye, but at the same time the growth of grain yield from 1.74 to 3.10 t/ha has been noted. However, the practical use of the soil and climatic conditions of the region makes it possible to obtain up to 8.0 t/ha of winter grain crops. Winter rye has a high yield potential due to the use of new promising varieties with good grain quality characteristics. In 2024, the State Commission for the Protection of Breeding Achievements granted a patent for a variety of diploid winter rye Novozybkovskaya niva. During the years of competitive testing (2020–2023), grain yields ranged from 4.50 to 6.66 t/ha with a drop rate of 200 to 260 C. The variety has different ear types: four-row (type 2), six-row (type 3) and branched (type 2a) in a ratio of 40:5:55%. The height of the plants does not exceed 150 cm, the number of productive stems varied from 6 to 20 pcs., the weight of grain per ear is 1.5–3.0 g, the mass of 1000 seeds is 33–40 g. Competitive variety trial for 2020–2021 with the varieties Valdai (standard), Moskovskaya 12, Picasso and the selection number CH-251-14-150 showed that it exceeded domestic grain yields by 0.73–0.92 t/ha (with a seeding rate of 2 million grains/ha), by 0.55–0.70 (4 million grains/ha), by 0.71–1.01 t/ha (6 million grains/ha) and foreign at 0.46–0.45 t/ha (2 and 6 million grains/ha). In a similar test for 2022 and 2023, with Picasso, Eterno, Pabo, Valdai and Moskovskaya 12 varieties and a seeding rate of 4 million (170 kg/ha), it turned out to be more productive than all of them: domestic by 0.40–0.52 t/ha and foreign by 0.78–1.75 t/ha.

Single-cut late maturing varieties cultivated in clover-sowing areas of the Western and Eastern Siberian regions do not fully meet the needs of production. They ripen mostly in late September during heavy rainfall, which makes seed harvesting difficult and leads to high yield losses. Low yields lead to a constant shortage of seeds. Creation of early maturing varieties along with late maturing varieties is relevant for the Siberian region and the Russian Federation as a whole. The research on creation of early maturing meadow clover Assol variety on tetraploid basis with dry matter yield of 60–70 c/ha, seed yield of 1.5–2.0 c/ha, winter-hardy, more resistant to major diseases is presented. A hybrid population of 16-9-T (4×) was established under artificial climate conditions by hybridization, polyploidy and selection methods. Further studies were continued in 2006-2021 in the conditions of the forest-steppe of Western Siberia. Selections of winter-hardy high-yielding forms from the complex-hybrid population 16-9-T (4×) were made. The established population was tested in three cycles of competitive variety trials (sowing of 2013, 2015, 2017). Early maturing Assol variety on tetraploid basis showed high yield – 97.0%. The duration of the vegetation period is 114 days. Average yield of green mass for two harvests was 451 c/ha, dry matter – 89.2, seeds –1.67 c/ha. The variety is characterized by resistance to powdery mildew and fusarium, responsive to moisture both in the first and second half of summer, forming a high yield of the first and second cut. Since 2024 the Assol variety has been included in the State Register of Breeding Achievements approved for use in the West Siberian region of the Russian Federation.

The article presents the results of long-term research on the influence of environmental factors (air temperature and humidity, precipitation, sum of effective temperatures (SET) and daylight duration) on the beginning, duration and end of oviposition of overwintered imago Leptinotarsa decemlineata Say in potato plantings in the central forest-steppe Priobsky agro-landscape area. During the years of overwintering females of Colorado potato beetle in the conditions of the Priobie forest-steppe of study, the egg-laying process began on June 19 ± 12 days at an average daily air temperature of 18.3 ± 10.7 °C, SET of 165.6 ± 78.2 °C, air humidity of 66.8 ± 24.3%, precipitation of 0.4 ± 0.4 mm, and daylight hours of 17:19 ± 0:09 h. The complex impact of all abiotic factors was found. The factors considered had 74.9% influence on the number of eggs laid on the first day of oviposition (rainfall showed the greatest influence). The duration of the oviposition period depended on environmental factors by 54.1% (air temperature had the maximum influence). The share of influence of the whole complex of factors amounted to 75.7% (SET had the greatest influence). The average duration of the oviposition process was 18.8 ± 10 days with an average daily air temperature of 19.1 ± 5.8 °C, SET of 132.3 ± 77.6 °C, air humidity of 66.7 ± 25.2%, precipitation of 39.6 ± 39.6 mm, and daylight hours of 17:15 ± 0:12 h. During this time, overwintering females laid an average of 0.30 ± 0.27 ovipositors per plant. The studied factors determined the number of eggs laid on the date of the end of the oviposition period by 83.3% (precipitation influenced the most). On average, the end of the oviposition process occurred on July 10 ± 10 days with an average daily air temperature of 19.0 ± 3.4 °C, SET of 306.4 ± 113.9 °C, air humidity of 71.4 ± 19.3%, precipitation of 5.7 ± 5.7 mm, and daylight hours of 17:04 ± 0:25 h. The number of ovipositors at the end of the egg-laying period was 0.1 ± 0.09 eq/plant. 

The results of studying the effectiveness of different growth regulators on the plots of sunflower variety SPK of confectionery direction are presented. Scientific research was conducted in 2021, 2022 under the conditions of insufficient and unstable moistening of the steppe zone of Kabardino-Balkaria. Growth regulators Albit, RP; Zircon, S; Gumi, S; Azofox, S; Amicid Micro, S; Epin-Extra, S and Amino, S were used in the experiments. The plot experiments were laid in eight variants by the method of randomization in three tiers. Variant 1 was the control (no treatment). The area of each plot was 21 m2, threefold repetition. Indicators such as average calathid diameter (cm), 1000 seed weight (g) and average seed yield (t/ha) were studied. On sunflower plants under the action of growth regulators Albit, RP; Epin-Extra, S; Amino, S, the intensity of false powdery mildew development was lower by 4.1; 4.2 and 4.3% relative to the control (without treatment), respectively. Sunflower seed yield as a result of application of growth regulators Albit, RP (variant 2), Gumi, S (variant 4), Epin-Extra, S (variant 7) and Amino, S (variant 8) increased and amounted to 4.1; 3.5; 4.2 and 4.3 t/ha, respectively. Single use of different growth regulators with low concentration increased sunflower productivity in variants 2 (Albit, RP), 7 (Epin Extra, S), 8 (Amino, S) by an average of 1.4 t/ha compared to the variant without treatment. The diameter of the calathids increased in variants 2 (Albit), 6 (Amicid Micro, S), 7 (Epin-Extra), 8 (Amino) by an average of 5.6 cm relative to the control.

Infectious diseases of farm animals are one of the most pressing problems of current livestock sector. The commonly used specific vaccine prophylaxis is not always effective due to the genetic variability and mutational variability of pathogen antigens ("antigenic drift"), the widespread prevalence of mixed polyetiological infections, heterogeneity of the immune response and reduced immune resistance. Existent specific vaccines are aimed at protecting against a specific pathogen or, in the case of multivalency, against several specific pathogens, and are based on the induction of long-term adaptive, i.e. antigen-specific immunity due to the formation of Tand B-memory cells. In the last decade, it has been established that vaccines containing microorganisms, such as BCG, provide resistance not only to a specific pathogen (for example, in the case of BCG – against M. tuberculosis), but also to a wide range of other pathogens. The main mechanism of this broad heterologous resistance is the increased reactivity of the innate immune system cells, primarily monocytes-macrophages. In response to the primary stimulus ("training"), these cells undergo a number of epigenetic and metabolic rearrangements, become "sensitized" and, when confronted with a second stimulus, the same or another pathogen, provide long-term protection against many viral and bacterial infections. Metabolites of the mevalonate metabolic pathway play an important role in the formation of non-specific or "trained" immunological memory (“trained immunity”, TI). In the present work, the hypothesis of the ability of the farnesyl pyrophosphate synthase inhibitor, aminobisphosphonate (a blocker of the mevalonate pathway at the farnesyl pyrophosphate level), to potentiate BCG-induced TI was verified in in vitro and in vivo experiments. It has been found that the aminobisphosphonate zoledronate induces the TI phenotype in monocytes and causes nonspecific protection against staphylococcal infection in mice. In addition, zoledronate significantly enhances BCG-induced TI, causing a synergistic protective effect. The phenomenon of potentiated TI that we have discovered can form the basis for the development of fundamentally new powerful universal vaccines.

In the course of the research the species composition of the microflora isolated from poultry at poultry farms of the Omsk region was studied. For this purpose, 392 samples of pathologic-anatomical material (blood from heart, brain and bone marrow, liver, gall bladder, and intestine) were collected from broiler chickens (62.2%), quail (16.3), laying hens (12.6), and broiler turkeys (8.9%). Indication and identification of microorganisms were carried out according to the methods generally accepted in microbiology. The isolated cultures belonged to 4 families: Enterobacteriaceae (39.7%), Enterococcaceae (36.5), Staphylococcaceae (23.1), Pseudomonadaceae (0.6%). The largest number of the isolated pathogenic and opportunistic microorganisms were identified as Escherichia coli (23.8%), Enterococcus faecalis (21.9) and Staphylococcus aureus (19.2%). The widest range of microorganisms was isolated from the contents of the intestines of the birds. The leading places were occupied by E. coli (27.2%), E. faecalis (21.2), S. aureus and Enterococcus faecium (17.3% each). In the study of blood from the heart, brain and bone marrow, E. faecalis (21,8–30,3%), S. aureus (18,2– 22,7) and E. coli (14,1–21,8%) took the leading position. When studying the microflora isolated from the liver, S. aureus (36.8%) and E. coli (26.3%) were most often recorded, Proteus mirabilis and E. faecalis also accounted for a large proportion (15.8% each). Microbiological examination of the gallbladder established the dominance of S. aureus, Enterobacter agglomerans, E. faecium and E. coli. The greatest variety of microbial species was isolated from broiler chickens. The results of microbiological studies made it possible to identify etiologically significant microorganisms involved in the development of infectious pathology in agricultural poultry in the Omsk region. This information can be used to develop treatment and prevention strategies in poultry farms in the region to ensure their epizootic well-being.