In the crop-producing areas of Krasnoyarsk Territory were carried out long-term investigations on modeling spring wheat productivity in different natural subzones taking into account forecrops, moisture availability and hydrothermic coefficients. Modeling productivity of spring wheat was carried out based on the data obtained in 1972-1996 in the agrolandscapes of open, closed and true forest steppes varying in the forestation level, and in the subtaiga zone. Spring wheat was cultivated after bare fallow, wheat, maize, and after perennial grasses moldboard and nonmoldboard plowed. There were obtained the models of spring wheat productivities showing soil-climatic features of the subzones and adjustment factors to them, which corrected productivity of the crop under conditions of expressed (4-6°) mesorelief. The long-term averaged productivity of spring wheat varied as much as 19 times and more, depending on a subzone and a forecrop. The best forecrop for spring wheat was bare fallow. The most favorable conditions for spring wheat cultivation are established to be in closed forest steppe and subtaiga subzone, on plateaus, and southern and eastern slopes. Here, obtaining stable yields across years is most probably. In open and true forest steppes, productivity of the crop decreased. Here, too, the productivity variation factor dramatically increased that indicated reduced probability of stable yields and resistance of the crop to unfavorable conditions. In the subtaiga agrolandscapes, spring wheat productivity was also significantly lower as compared with that in closed forest steppe agrolandscapes, but productivity variation factors changed insufficiently. Under conditions of subtaiga, the crop provided stable yields owing to better moisture availability. The regularities found contribute to the theoretical base for evaluating regional agro-ecological conditions and developing adaptive-to-landscape cropping systems.

Results are given from a study on the effects of mineral fertilizers and overseeding of legumes to graminoid crops on productivity of a six-course fodder crop rotation on leached chernozem soils of Western Siberia. It has been established that the collection of dry matter is increased 1.6 times and the collection of digestible protein 2.0 times as influenced by mineral fertilizers. Overseeding of a legume component increases the collection of dry matter 1.5 times and in years of favorable agrometeorological conditions more than 2 times. With that, the collection of digestible protein for the first rotation cycle (2008-2013) increased 2.4 times and made up 319 kg/ha, and in favorable 2015 increased 3.7 times up to 651 kg/ha as compared with the unfertilized crop rotation. The maximum collection of dry matter was obtained in pure maize sowing both without fertilization and against the background of mineral fertilizers. Sown jointly with broad beans, maize yields to grasses in productivity. The maximum yield of digestible protein in a fodder crop rotation is provided by the mixed sowings of perennial grasses of the first and second years of use. The availability of the fodder unit with digestible protein for the first rotation cycle increased by 23% and made up 91 g as influenced by mineral fertilizers, and by 49% (110 g) as influenced by overseeding legumes that was zootechnic rate. In cover crops, the maximum availability of the fodder unit with digestible protein was 135g when over-seeded legume component and 112 g when applied mineral fertilizers. The phytocenosis of bromegrass and alfalfa also provides zootechnic rate of 107-126 g.

There are shown the changes in the crude gluten content in grain of Novosibirskaya 29 cultivar of spring wheat in long-term experiments carried out after fallow and grain forecrops in a four-course crop rotation under different levels of reduced tillage of leached chernozem, backgrounds of chemicalization, and weather conditions in the forest-steppe areas near the Ob, Novosibirsk Region. The crude gluten content in Novosibirskaya 29 spring wheat grain against the intensive background was high enough (36-37%), and did not depend on weather conditions. Under extensive farm management, the gluten content depended on weather conditions. On the experiment average, it increased from 31.2% under conditions of moderate and moderately deficient moistening of growing periods to 36.0% under acute soil moisture deficiency against the background of abnormally high temperatures. Significant impact of forecrops studied on the gluten content was found. Under conditions of moderate and moderately deficient moistening against the extensive background, the gluten content decreased from 32.4-33.7%, when grown spring wheat after black and early minimal fallows, to 24.0-25.4% after a grain forecrop. Against the intensive background as compared with the extensive one, this index considerably increased from 32.5-34.3% to 36-37%. Under acute soil moisture deficiency against the background of abnormally high temperatures, the gluten content in grain did not practically depend on forecrops and chemicalization means, and remained 36-37%. A role of tillage in forming crude gluten in grain was insignificant. On the experiment average, the crude gluten content in bread grain made up 34.3% in the plowing variant and somewhat less (33.5-34.0%) in the variants with various levels of reduced tillage.

Promising selection samples of spring barley were evaluated as to grain productivity in the final stage of the breeding process at the competitive variety trial nursery over 8 (2008-2015) years of studies. Investigations were carried out in the northern forest steppe of Tyumen Region, Northern Trans-Ural. The analysis of crop productivity showed that it largely depended on both growing conditions and varietal characteristics of the material studied. It should be noted that productivity of a single plant contributed significantly to total crop productivity. There is shown relationship between productivity and its structure elements, and their role in the grain yield formation depending on growing conditions. The productive haulm stand and productive tillering capacity had, in most cases, a positive effect on the grain yield formation. The completeness of coming-ups with satisfactory warmth and moisture availability during the first half of growing season played a positive role. The number of surviving plants by the harvest had a significant effect on the yield under favorable conditions of the second half of growing season. With sufficient moisture availability during the period of grain formation and development, close positive correlation with thousand-kernel weight was found. The length of growing season as a whole and interphase periods was found to influence grain productivity and its formation elements. The lengthening of the first (sprouting-earing) interphase period positively influenced the formation of grain yield under conditions of optimum warmth and moisture availability. The lengthening of the earing-wax ripeness period had, in most cases, a negative impact on grain productivity. There was established relationship between the length of interphase periods and yield structure elements. A comparative evaluation of new spring barley varieties (Zenit, Abalak) as to grain productivity is given; features of grain yield formation are shown.

Productivities and nutritive values of the single-crop and mixed sowings of cereals and legumes were analyzed. A research was conducted in the forest-steppe zone of Western Siberia. Recording green mass yields and determining dry matter contents in plants showed that the most productive single-crop sowings of cereals, when harvested for green feed, were barley and oats with 26.9 and 29.0 t/ha, respectively. The green mass yield of peas made up 35.9 t/ha, but dry matter content was only 23%. The yields of grass mixtures over the years of study were on average by 20-35% higher than those of the single-crop sowings. The most productive mixture was a three-component one of 30% of barley + 50% of peas + 30% of oats with the yield of 43.9 t/ha. The green mass yield of two-component mixture composed of 75% of oats + 35% of peas made up 39.0 t/ha. The analysis of haylage quality has shown that the ratio of lactic acid to acetic acid was optimal across all the variants of experiment, which is significative of regulated homofermentative type of fermentation. The butyric acid content was minimal, so, from the biochemical parameters, all the experimental haylage samples could be classified as excellent or good forage. The protein content in haylage from cereals was 8.6-10.2%, from mixed crops 10.4-13.6%, from peas 19.9%. Haylage obtained from grass mixtures meets the requirements for the first and second classes of quality. Results of investigations carried out using the artificial rumen unit, Rusitec, showed that the capacity for protein decomposition in haylage from mixed crops made up 56 to 70%, from cereals 58 to 62, from peas 74%.

Results are given from research on comparatively evaluating nutritive values of aftermaths on sown legume grass and natural pastures for winter horse grazing. It was established that productivity of the aftermath of the sown legume grass stand was 4.3 centners per ha (66.1%) more than that of native haylands. With that, the plants of the sown stand were of greenish color. The botanical composition was as follows: 35% of alfalfa, 60 of bromegrass, and 5% of motley grasses. The height of plants was 7 to 10 cm. Motley grasses of predominantly yellow color with the plant height of 2-5 cm prevailed in the vegetation of the natural plant stands. The high nutritive value of the aftermath on artificial haylands was recorded. The protein content was higher by 8.6%, fat by 2.0, ash by 3.7% as compared with native haylands. Physiological experiments carried out allowed establishing the superiority of the aftermath on sown legume grass pastures in nutrient digestibility: metabolizable energy content by 7.5% (p ³ 0.95), digestible protein by 41.95% (p ³ 0.999). The results of the experiments make it possible to calculate productivities of the plant stands in terms of metabolizable energy and digestible protein for the organism of Yakut horses.

Results are given from investigations into the nutritive value of mountain ash berries that confirm high biological value of plant material used, which is composed of sugars, vitamins and trace elements. Data are given on processing mountain ash berries, changing humidity during the process of product formulation and technological processing of raw material. The development of microbiota in plant raw material and a processed product as well as its dynamics during storage was analyzed. The methods for examining microbiological characteristics of this type of food products were described. There were established the recommended parameters at the stages of producing semi-finished products from mountain ash berries without adding sugar-containing and stabilizing components, sample storing and packaging in accordance with the food products safety requirements. It is recommended to use hydromechanical dispersion of plant raw material for obtaining semi-finished food products subject to be further processed, or used as a component of combined products. With that, the semi-finished products obtained are homogeneous mass with inclusions of peel and/or seed particles.

Results are given from field tests of new somaclonal lines of soybean, derived from in vitro tissue culture, and biochemical analyses of seeds. The field nurseries were established on 27 May, 2014, in the experimental field (Novosibirsk Region) after fallow in accordance with the methods developed at the N.I. Vavilov Research Institute of Plant Industry. The principal methods employed by somaclonal variation and recurrent regeneration allow us to extend the selection through spontaneous in vitro mutagenesis, and to increase a level of ontogenetic adaptation of regenerated plants. The objective was to evaluate agronomic and biochemical traits and to select promising genotypes for the use in breeding new varieties. A single individual selection for seed productivity in the second generation of somaclonal lines has allowed selecting five lines with a complex of valuable traits that are promising for further breeding studies. The selected lines R 113, R 119, R 122, R 123, R 124 combine increased seed yield (291-336 g/m2) with earliness (growing period of 92-96 days) and high attachment of the lower bean of 14.2-17.7 cm. Four of them are distinguished by improved biochemical composition of grain as compared with the initial variety SibNIIK 315; R 119 and R 122 have higher protein contents of 44.7 and 44.9%, respectively; R 113 and R 124 are rich in nitrogen-free extractive substances, NFE (26.2 and 29.0%, respectively). Correlation analysis showed strong direct relationships between the growing period length, fat content in seeds, height of plants and height of attachment of the lower bean. There were proven strong inverse correlations between protein and oil contents in seeds, NFE content, length of growing period and height of plants as well as between oil content and mineral content. The elements of seed productivity are closely interrelated, and do not correlate with biochemical traits, height of plants and length of growing season.

By way of example of harvesting grain crops with yield of 18 centners per ha is considered a procedure for determining operating speed and performance of a harvester of the 6 kg/c class. At two-phase harvesting, a harvester is fully loaded with swaths of grain crops cut by swathers with operating coverages of 20, 16, 12 and 10 m at the operating speeds of 6.2; 7.8; 10.4 and 12.5 km/h. At these speeds, a harvester takes 12.5 ha for 1 hour; daily output for 10 hours of work makes up 84.3 ha at the normative ratio of non-grain component weight of 1 : 1.5. At the ratio of 1 : 2.3, daily performance decreases to 71.4 ha; at 1 : 0.8 increases to 110.8 ha. In a similar way is determined daily performance of a harvester at the normative part of non-grain component weight of 1.5 as well as 2.3 and 0.8, at operating swaths of the header from 5 to 12 m when threshed grain crops with yields from 10 to 50 centners/ha. When we know daily performance of the harvester and yield, we can determine costs and price for the products obtained. The data of technological passport allow us to set a permissible speed of a harvester, when it takes grain crops, on each field depending on relief, length of run, and other factors; to choose the most rational technology and harvesting machinery as well as a degree of using passport’s capabilities of a harvester. The rational combination of direct and two-phase methods of harvesting of grain crops, and availability of necessary headers and swathers in farms make it possible to increase the effectiveness of their use, decrease costs and improve quality of the products obtained.

There are described methodical approaches to choosing alternative technologies and technical means for cultivation and harvesting of grain crops depending on resource availability of commodity producers in various soil-climatic zones of Siberia. For any of the variants of technologies and technical means under the given intensification and productivity levels were determined grain production costs and labor costs per unit produced within the framework of the economicmathematical model used for substantiating the structure of machine-and-tractor fleet (MTF). To substantiate the MTF structure was used the method “Method for looking through the variants of annual field work complexes”, based on which the computer program AGRO was developed. It was found that, when passing from a standard technology to resource-saving one, the number of tractors K-744P3 decreased 3 times, and that of MTZ-1822.3 1.8 times. The direct operating costs decreased 1.3 times in the first case, and 1.2 times in the second case. The variant with the tractor MTZ-1822.3 provides the smaller cost price for 1 tonne of grain as compared with K-744P3, but labor costs per 1 ha increase by 34%, and the number of machine-operators increases by 5 persons. A commodity producer will choose a variant with K-744P3 because of lack of machine-operators. When passing from a conventional intensive moldboard-plowing technology to a resource-saving reduced tillagebased technology, costs per unit produced decrease 1.2 times and labor expenses 1.6 times when used tractor K-744P3. In the variant with tractor MTZ-1822.3, costs decreased 1.1 times and labor expenses about 1.5 times.

The potato tuber moth P. operculella Zeller is a pest of potential danger to tobacco. Dynamics of population size presents the development of the pest population in space and time, and are described by quantitative indicators. In order to characterize dynamics of potato tuber moth population on tobacco crops was applied the time series analysis. The index of seasonality was used to estimate impacts of seasonal factors on imago population dynamics. A field trapping experiment was carried out on tobacco crops at the Institute of Tobacco and Tobacco Products, Plovdiv, Bulgaria, in 2008-2012. Pheromone traps set on Oriental, Virginia and Burley tobacco crops were used to observe seasonal dynamics of the pest population and quantity of moths in the field. A monthly moth catch was presented as a time series. It has been found that the dynamic statistical analysis, a part of which refers to seasonal fluctuations, can be used to characterize and analyze dynamics of pest populations including potato moth. A strictly manifested seasonality exists in the annual dynamics of the potato moth. A graphical view of the seasonal indices known as a seasonal wave is similar to those in all three tobacco crops. Differences were observed in the values of seasonal indices. These differences are bound up with biological and technological features of different variety types of tobacco. The potency of seasonal factors on the number of adults during a calendar year has different directions and amplitudes. A strong positive impact exists in the second half of the year. In August and October, the number of caught moths was 100 to 246% of the annual average. Seasonal factors negatively affect the pest population size in the first half of the year that is in January, February and March, when the number of caught moths is close to zero.

There is given the evaluation of meat production performance of young yaks at 18 months of age. Investigations were carried out in the Republic of Tuva in 2015. The two groups of young yaks were formed: the first group is the young stock obtained from grunting cows of the second and third calving with the highest characteristics of live weight (280 kg), conformation, and calf accretion; the second group is the young stock obtained from grunting cows of the second and third calving with the medium characteristics of live weight (260 kg), conformation, and calf accretion. A common farming practice in Tuva is the year-round outdoor keeping of yaks at feed. Meat production performances in male yaks of the first group were higher than those in the second group: preslaughter weight higher by 22.1 kg, or 10.5%; carcass weight by 12.1 kg, or 11.7%; slaughter weight by 12.7 kg, or 12%. Morphological examinations of carcass composition showed that male yaks of the first group had higher muscular tissue content than that in the second group by 9.2 kg, or 12.1%. When realizing animals for meat, the chilled carcass weight is of great importance, which was higher in the bulls of the first group by 12.1 kg, or 13.4%. Carcasses obtained from the young yaks of both groups compared did not have significant difference in contents of bony tissue, tendons, cartilages, and ligaments. Relative to the chilled carcass weight, the young yaks of the first group had the least content of inedible part of carcass. From the study of chemical composition of meat were established higher contents of protein and fat in meat of the first group’s yaks by 0.56 and 0.31%, respectively.

There was carried out a complex of laboratory examinations including bacteriological and molecular-genetic identification of atypical mycobacteria of tuberculosis isolated from different objects of the environment and the organism of rodents as well as from biological material derived from cattle at the tuberculosis-free farms of Novosibirsk Region. The biological examinations have been conducted, which consist in infecting outbred white mice with suspension containing isolated mycobacteria and with biological material to order to identify them and determine virulence and pathogenicity. The percentage of agricultural animals reacting to the tuberculin injection was found in relation to the total number of cattle examined at three farms of Novosibirsk Region. When studying biological material derived from 404 agricultural animals, reacting to the tuberculin injection, from three tuberculosis-free farms of Novosibirsk Region, no changes, characteristic of tuberculosis, were detected. The examination of the environmental objects (soil, manure, water, hay, silage) and organs of rodents showed the presence of atypical mycobacteria I-IV groups Rangone, and M. avium. The molecular-genetic studies conducted confirmed the presence of DNA of atypical mycobacteria and M. avium in the samples. Atypical mycobacteria of tuberculosis, isolated from the environment and identified, result in sensitizing the organism of cattle to tuberculin PPD for mammals. Manifestations of non-specific reactions in cattle to the tuberculin PPD injection is bound up with circulations of atypical mycobacteria of tuberculosis in the environment, and their persistence in the organism of rodents.

Results are given from an investigation into the work of the battery of the Leader BKS-12.8 harrow’s tools with regard to quality of field treatment, combing out the weeds and embedding the seeds in the soil at broadcast sowing with ring harrow. Experiments were carried out in the experimental field of Novosibirsk Region. There are given the equations, which allow determining a distance of soil movements by the ring of the ring harrow battery depending on an angle of attack of the battery, speed of the unit, a diameter of the ring, and an angle of the descent of soil from the ring. It has been established that the angle of attack of the battery and speed of the unit mostly influence movement of soil by the ring of battery. Movement of soil occurs through movements of the rings of the battery from the last ring to the first. As a result, the excessive soil is formed before the first ring, and the part of it is removed by the last ring of the previous battery with forming a furrow and a small ridge of 3-4 cm. At the 2.8 m/c operating speed of the unit, such a weed as chicken panic grass is up to 68.55% removed. When embedding the oat seeds with harrow, 662 plants of 950 viable seeds were emerged that made up 69.68%. Embedding the seeds to the depth of 1 to 3 cm gave 79.8% of the number of emerged plants. The sowing of grain crops and rape by the broadcast method with ring harrows against untreated backgrounds allows obtaining good sowing quality with simultaneous combing out the weeds, leveling of soil surface and preserving moisture under the cover of the mulching level created by rings of the harrow.

Data are given from laboratory and field experiments carried out in 2011-2015 on studying the effectiveness of protective screens used for growing tomatoes under various conditions of open ground. Commercial outdoor tomato production in Siberia is practically absent due to high risks bound up with growing conditions. The region needs the development of technologies for outdoor growing warm-weather vegetable crops to be protected from unfavorable environmental impacts during the growing period. A widely-accepted method for protecting plants from late frosts by isolating them from the environment solves only a part of task that is lengthening spring-summer period for early-ripening varieties. But the first autumn frosts and other extreme events (fog, hail, cold dew or anthropogenic emissions) kill almost all unripe plants, or non-harvested crop. A distinctive feature of this research project is a possibility to protect plants during the entire growing period from unfavorable environmental impacts, and minimize time needed to respond to such environmental changes. With that, the protective function does not limit natural pollination of plants or access to them for watering, cultivating and harvesting that determines conditions for further mechanization of process operations.

There were substantiated technological schemes of grain cleaning-and-drying units for agricultural enterprises of the Siberian Federal District (SFD). Depending on grain humidity is recommended to use technologies without drying, with one- or two-time drying. Technologies without drying can be used in only limited areas of the SFD, such as dry steppe zones of Khakassia, Tuva, Buryatia, and Transbaikal Territory. Technologies with one-time grain drying are recommended for steppe and southern forest-steppe areas of Omsk, Novosibirsk Regions, Altai and Krasnoyarsk Territories. The other zones require two-time grain drying technologies. The postharvest grain handling is most efficiently conducted by using grain cleaning-and-drying units. A daily volume of grain handling is assumed to be a basic characteristic of sizes of the units. For conditions of Siberia, the sizes of 100, 200, 400, 600 and 800 tonnes daily are recommended. The seasonal volumes of grain handling by these units make up 1-2, 2-4, 4-8, 8-12, and 12-16 tonnes daily, respectively. The requirements for post-harvest technologies for handling grain and seeds, and variants of technological schemes of grain cleaning-and-drying units to realize them are given. Such technical and economic indices of grain cleaning-and-drying units as labor costs, operating costs and specific investment costs were determined. It has been established that operating costs across the considered variants of technological schemes are not very different. To reduce labor costs in post-harvest handling, a significant increase in investments is needed. A choice of one or another technological scheme of grain cleaning-and-drying unit for a certain agricultural enterprise will be determined by a level of financial and human resources. Labor costs decrease with the increase in investments.